| Sciences/Years |
Milestone |
Scientist |
| acoustics
|
| 1637 |
Mersenne’s laws |
Pythagoras,
Vincenzo Galilei,
Marin Mersenne |
| 1831 |
Faraday wave |
Michael Faraday |
| 1912 |
Sonar |
Reginald Fessenden |
| 1940 |
Bat echolocation |
Donald Griffin,
Robert Galambos |
| aerodynamics
|
| 5th century BCE |
Kite |
Mozi,
Lu Ban |
| 1485 |
Parachute |
Leonardo da Vinci |
| 1672, 1742, 1852 |
Magnus effect |
Isaac Newton,
Benjamin Robins,
Heinrich Gustav Magnus |
| 1738 |
Bernoulli’s principle |
Daniel Bernoulli |
| 1871 |
Wind tunnel |
Francis Herbert Wenham |
| 1903 |
Airplane |
Wilbur Wright,
Orville Wright |
| 1934 |
Coandă effect |
Henri Coandă |
| anatomy
|
| 180 |
Medical research |
Galen |
| 1543 |
Human anatomy |
Andreas Vesalius |
| 1628 |
Circulation of the blood |
William Harvey |
| 1796 |
Comparative anatomy |
Georges Cuvier,
John Hunter |
| 1861 |
Mapping speech |
Pierre Paul Broca |
| 1889 |
Nervous system |
Santiago Ramón y Cajal |
| 1947 |
Prosopagnosia |
Joachim Bodamer |
| archaeology
|
| 99,000 - 13,000 BCE |
Pigment |
Palaeolithic people |
| 4400 - 3100 BCE |
Cosmetic pigment |
Prehistoric Egyptians |
| architecture |
| 2648 BCE |
Step pyramid |
Imhotep |
| astronomy |
| 2782 BCE |
Egyptian calendar |
Old Kingdom of Egypt |
| 2637 BCE |
Chinese calendar |
Huangdi,
Maimonides |
| 134 BCE |
Astronomy |
Hipparchus |
| 46 BCE |
Julian calendar |
Caesar |
| 140 AD |
Geocentrism |
Claudius Ptolemy |
| 359 |
Hebrew calendar |
Hillel II,
Maimonides |
| 1050 |
Maya calendar |
Mayan people |
| 1542 |
Nonius |
Pedro Nunes |
| 1543 |
Heliocentrism |
Nicolaus Copernicus |
| 1572 |
Supernova |
Tycho Brahe |
| 1609 |
Planetary orbits |
Johannes Kepler |
| 1610 |
Observational astronomy |
Galileo Galilei |
| 1638 |
Micrometer |
William Gascoigne |
| 1639 |
Transit of Venus |
Jeremiah Horrocks |
| 1656 |
Rings of Saturn |
Christiaan Huygens,
James Clerk Maxwell |
| 1671 |
Planetary distances |
Giovanni Domenico Cassini |
| 1687 |
Principia Mathematica |
Isaac Newton |
| 1705 |
Halley’s comet |
Edmond Halley |
| 1781 |
Discovery of Uranus |
William Herschel |
| 1796 |
Origin of our solar system |
Pierre-Simon Laplace |
| 1801 |
Discovery of an asteroid |
Giuseppe Piazzi,
Carl Friedrich Gass |
| 1838 |
Distance to a star |
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel |
| 1843 |
Sunspot cycle |
Heinrich Samuel Schwabe |
| 1845 |
Spiral galaxies |
William Parsons |
| 1846 |
Discovery of Neptune |
John Couch Adams,
Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier,
Johann Gottfried Galle |
| 1851 |
Foucault’s pendulum |
Jean Bernard Léon Foucault |
| 1877 |
Canals on Mars |
Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli |
| 1903 |
Chaos theory |
Jules Henri Poincaré |
| 1911 |
Cosmic rays |
Victor Francis Hess |
| 1918 |
The universe |
Henrietta Swan Leavitt,
Harlow Shapley,
Edwin Powell Hubble,
Walter Baade |
| 1920 |
Stellar evolution |
Arthur Stanley Eddington,
Hans Albrecht Bethe,
Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker,
Ejnar Hertzsprung,
Henry Norris Russell |
| 1929 |
Expanding universe |
Georges Lemaître,
Edwin Powell Hubble |
| 1931 |
White dwarfs |
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar |
| 1950 |
Oort cloud |
Jan Hendrik Oort |
| 1933 |
Radio astronomy |
Karl Guthe Jansky |
| astrophysics
|
| 1784 |
Black hole |
John Michell |
| 1920 |
Stellar evolution |
Arthur Eddington,
Hans Bethe,
Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker,
Ejnar Hertzsprung,
Henry Norris Russell |
| 1931 |
White dwarfs |
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar |
| 1933 |
Neutron star |
Walter Baade,
Fritz Zwicky |
| 1950 |
Oort cloud |
Jan Oort |
| 1962 - 1964 |
Quasar |
John Bolton,
Maarten Schmidt,
Edwin Salpeter,
Yakov Zeldovich |
| 1967 |
Pulsar |
Jocelyn Bell Burnell |
| 1967 |
LIGO |
Richard A. Isaacson,
Rainer Weiss,
Kip Thorne,
Barry C. Barish |
| 1992 |
Magnetar |
Robert Duncan,
Christopher Thompson,
Chryssa Kouveliotou |
| 2013 |
Blitzar |
Heino Falcke,
Luciano Rezzolla |
| atmospheric sciences
|
| 1643 |
Atmospheric pressure |
Evangelista Torricelli,
Blaise Pascal |
| 1661 |
Air pollution |
John Evelyn |
| 1735 |
Trade winds |
George Hadley |
| 1835 |
Coriolis effect |
Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis |
| 1863 |
Greenhouse effect |
John Tyndall |
| 1896 |
Arrhenius equation |
Svante Arrhenius |
| 1902 |
Stratosphere |
Richard Assmann,
Léon Teisserenc de Bort |
| 1961 |
Keeling curve |
Charles David Keeling |
| bacteriology
|
| 1854, 1884 |
Vibrio cholerae |
Filippo Pacini,
Robert Koch |
| 1876 |
Bacillus anthracis |
Aloys Pollender,
Casimir Davaine,
Pierre François Olive Rayer,
Robert Koch |
| 1878 |
Germ theory |
Louis Pasteur |
| 1881 |
Streptococcus pneumoniae |
George Miller Sternberg,
Louis Pasteur |
| 1882 |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
Benjamin Marten,
Robert Koch |
| 1884 |
Gram staining |
Hans Christian Gram |
| 1890 |
Antitoxins |
Emil von Behring,
Shibasaburō Kitasato |
| 1943 |
Bacterial genes |
Salvador Edward Luria,
Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück |
| behavioral science |
| 1852 - 1854 |
Ideomotor phenomenon |
William Benjamin Carpenter,
Michael Faraday,
James Braid,
Michel Eugène Chevreul |
| 1904 |
Child development |
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov |
| 1924 |
Conditioned reflexes |
Jean Piaget |
| 1935 |
Instincts |
Karl von Frisch,
Konrad Zacharias Lorenz,
Nikolaas Tinbergen |
| 1938 |
Radical behaviorism |
Burrhus Frederic Skinner |
| 1953 |
Rapid-eye-movement sleep |
Nathaniel Kleitman,
Eugene Aserinsky,
William C. Dement |
| biogeography
|
| 1859 |
Wallace line |
Alfred Russel Wallace |
| biology
|
| 335 |
Science |
Aristotle |
| 1673 |
Microorganisms |
Robert Hooke,
Antonie van Leeuwenhock |
| 1735 |
Naming species |
Carl Linnaeus |
| 1765 |
Spontaneous generation |
Lazzaro Spallanzani |
| 1894 |
Enzyme specificity |
Emil Hermann Fischer |
| 1901 |
Blood groups |
Karl Landsteiner |
| 1906 |
Vitamins |
Frederick Gowland Hopkins |
| 1921 |
Insulin |
Frederick Banting,
Charles Herbert Best |
| 1924 |
Child development |
Jean Piaget |
| 1935 |
Instincts |
Karl von Frisch,
Konrad Zacharias Lorenz,
Nikolaas Tinbergen |
| 1937 |
Citric-acid cycle |
Hans Adolf Krebs |
| 1949 |
Sickle-cell disease |
Linus Carl Pauling |
| 1953 |
Abiogenesis |
Stanley Miller,
Harold Urey |
| 1959 |
Pheromone |
Adolf Butenandt |
| biometrics (biostatistics, biometry) |
| 1684 |
Fingerprint |
Nehemiah Grew |
| 1889 |
Measuring individuals |
Francis Galton |
| 1893 |
Anthropometry |
Alphonse Bertillon |
| biostatistics |
| 1889 |
Measuring individuals |
Francis Galton |
| botany
|
| 320 BCE |
Botany |
Theophrastus |
| 1694 |
Plant sexuality |
Rudolf Jakob Camerarius |
| 1735 |
Naming species |
Carl Linnaeus |
| 1799 |
Humboldt’s voyage |
Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt |
| 1888 |
Nitrogen fixation |
Hermann Hellriegel |
| 1946 |
Photosynthesis |
Melvin Calvin |
| 1947 |
Slime-mold bodies |
John Tyler Bonner |
| cartography |
| 240 BCE |
Geodesy |
Eratosthenes |
| 1569 |
Mercator projection |
Gerardus Mercator (Gerhard de Kremer) |
| cell biology
|
| 1665 - 1831 |
Cell |
Robert Hooke,
Antonie van Leeuwenhock,
Robert Brown |
| 1826 |
Eggs and embryos |
Karl Ernst von Baer |
| 1839 |
Cell theory |
Matthias Jakob Schleiden,
Theodor Schwann,
Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier,
Hugo von Mohl,
Robert Remak,
Rudolf Virchow |
| 1846 |
Protoplasm |
Hugo von Mohl,
Jan Evangelista Purkyně,
Thomas Henry Huxley |
| 1858 |
Communities of cells |
Rudolf Virchow |
| 1878 |
Mitosis |
Walther Flemming,
Edouard Van Beneden,
Otto Bütschli,
Eduard Strasburger |
| 1925, 1962 |
Prokaryote and eukaryote |
Édouard Chatton,
Roger Stanier,
C. B. van Niel |
| 1961 |
Hayflick limit |
Leonard Hayflick |
| 1999 |
Three-domain system |
Carl Woese,
George E. Fox |
| chemistry
|
| 9th century |
Gunpowder |
Chinese, Tang dynasty |
| 10th century |
Rocket |
Chinese, Tang dynasty |
| 1661 |
Chymistry |
Robert Boyle |
| 1662 |
Boyle’s law |
Richard Towneley,
Henry Power,
Robert Boyle |
| 1706 |
Prussian blue |
Johann Jacob Diesbach |
| 1774 |
Combustion |
Joseph Priestley,
Carl Wilhelm Scheele,
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier |
| 1774 |
Conservation of mass |
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier |
| 1780 |
Mysorean rockets |
Hyder Ali,
Tipu Sultan |
| 1784 |
Hydrogen and water |
Henry Cavendish |
| 1784, 1903 |
Birkeland-Eyde process |
Henry Cavendish,
Kristian Birkeland,
Sam Eyde |
| 1804 |
Platinum group metals |
William Hyde Wollaston,
Smithson Tennant |
| 1808 |
Atomic theory |
John Dalton |
| 1810 |
Chlorine |
Carl Wilhelm Scheele,
Humphry Davy |
| 1813 |
Chemical nomenclature |
Jöns Jacob Berzelius |
| 1825 |
Benzene |
Michael Faraday |
| 1828 |
Synthesis of urea |
Friedrich Wöhler |
| 1834 |
Laws of electrolysis |
Michael Faraday |
| 1834 |
Ion |
Michael Faraday |
| 1834 |
Faraday efficiency |
Michael Faraday |
| 1841 |
Allotropy |
Jöns Jacob Berzelius |
| 1842 |
Cyanotype |
John Herschel |
| 1846 |
Guncotton |
Christian Friedrich Schönbein,
Rudolf Christian Böttger,
F. J. Otto |
| 1847 |
Nitroglycerin |
Ascanio Sobrero |
| 1855 |
Bunsen burner |
Robert Bunsen,
Peter Desaga |
| 1856 |
Mauve |
William Henry Perkin |
| 1859 |
Analytical spectroscopy |
Robert Bunsen,
Gustav Kirchhoff |
| 1865 |
Benzene ring |
Friedrich August Kekulé |
| 1867 |
Dynamite |
Alfred Bernhard Nobel |
| 1869 |
Periodic table |
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev |
| 1873 |
Changes of state |
Johannes Diederik van der Waals |
| 1894 |
Enzyme specificity |
Emil Hermann Fischer |
| 1897 |
Electron |
Joseph John Thomson |
| 1908 |
Brownian motion |
Robert Brown,
Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann,
Albert Einstein,
Jean Baptiste Perrin |
| 1909 |
Synthesis of ammonia |
Fritz Haber |
| 1911 |
Atomic number |
Antonius van den Broek |
| 1913 |
Atom |
Ernest Rutherford,
Niels Bohr |
| 1913 |
Radioactive displacement law |
Frederick Soddy,
Kazimierz Fajans |
| 1922 |
Isotope |
Francis William Aston,
Frederick Soddy |
| 1931 |
Deuterium |
Harold Urey,
George M. Murphy,
Ferdinand Brickwedde |
| 1939 |
DDT |
Paul Hermann Müller |
| 1951 |
Chemical oscillations |
Boris Pavlovich Beloüsov,
Anatoly Zhabotinsky |
| 1952 - 1991 |
Fullerene |
L. V. Radushkevich,
V. M. Lukyanovich,
Morinobu Endo,
Sumio Iijima,
Harold Kroto,
James R. Heath,
Robert Curl,
Richard Smalley |
| 1953 |
Abiogenesis |
Stanley Miller,
Harold Urey |
| 1958 - 1959 |
Protein crystallography |
John Kendrew,
Max Perutz |
| comparative anatomy |
| 1796 |
Comparative anatomy |
Georges Cuvier,
John Hunter |
| computer science |
| 1847 |
Boolean algebra |
George Boole |
| 1822 |
Difference engine |
Charles Babbage |
| 1943 |
Neural networks |
Warren Sturgis McCulloch,
Walter Pitts |
| 1946 |
Computer |
Charles Babbage,
Alan Mathison Turing,
John von Neumann |
| 1947 |
Transistor |
William Bradford Shockley,
Walter Houser Brattain,
John Bardeen |
| 1946 |
ENIAC |
John Grist Brainerd,
John Mauchly,
J. Presper Eckert |
| 1948 |
Information theory |
Claude Elwood Shannon |
| 1948 |
Cellular automaton |
John von Neumann,
Stanislaw Ulam |
| 1962 |
Petri net |
Carl Adam Petri |
| 1970 |
Conway’s Game of Life |
John Horton Conway |
| 1986 |
Artificial life |
Christopher Langton |
| cosmology |
| 140 |
Geocentrism |
Claudius Ptolemy |
| 1543 |
Heliocentrism |
Nicolaus Copernicus |
| 1796 |
Origin of our solar system |
Pierre-Simon Laplace |
| 1918 |
The universe |
Henrietta Swan Leavitt,
Harlow Shapley,
Edwin Powell Hubble,
Walter Baade |
| 1950 |
Oort cloud |
Jan Hendrik Oort |
| 1971 |
Plasma cosmology |
Hannes Alfvén,
Oskar Klein |
| cryptography |
| 118 BCE - 1953 |
Cipher |
Polybius,
Julius Caesar,
Giovan Battista Bellaso,
Antoine and Bonaventure Rossignol,
Charles Wheatstone,
Frank Miller,
Felix Delastelle,
Fritz Nebel,
Lester S. Hill,
John F. Byrne |
| 1499 |
Steganography |
Johannes Trithemius |
| 1605 |
Bacon’s cipher |
Francis Bacon |
| 1948 |
Information theory |
Claude Elwood Shannon |
| 1976 - 1991 |
Public-key cryptography |
Whitfield Diffie,
Martin Hellman,
Ralph Merkle,
Phil Zimmermann |
| demography |
| 1644 - 1869 |
Infographics |
William Playfair,
Florence Nightingale,
Charles Joseph Minard |
| 1798 |
Population pressure |
Thomas Robert Malthus |
| 1854 |
Cholera and the pump |
John Snow |
| earth sciences
|
| ecology
|
| 1799 |
Humboldt’s voyage |
Friedrich
Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt |
| 1923 |
Crop diversity |
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov |
| electromagnetism
|
| 546 BCE |
Triboelectric effect |
Thales of Miletus |
| 206 BCE |
Compass |
Chinese, Han dynasty |
| 1600 |
Magnetism |
William Gilbert |
| 1669 |
Birefringence |
Rasmus Bartholin |
| 1676 |
Speed of light |
Ole Rømer |
| 1729 |
Aberration of light |
James Bradley |
| 1745 - 1746 |
Leyden jar |
Ewald Georg von Kleist,
Pieter van Musschenbroek |
| 1747 |
Electric charge |
Benjamin Franklin |
| 1756 |
Pyroelectricity |
Franz Ulrich Theodor Aepinus |
| 1778, 1845 |
Diamagnetism |
Sebald Justinus Brugmans,
Michael Faraday |
| 1785 |
Coulomb’s law |
Charles-Augustin de Coulomb |
| 1791, 1820 |
Galvanometer |
Luigi Galvani,
Hans Christian Ørsted,
Johann Schweigger |
| 1799 |
Electric battery |
Alessandro Volta |
| 1800 |
Wave nature of light |
Thomas Young |
| 1816 |
Electrical telegraph |
Francis Ronalds |
| 1819 |
Wave optics |
Augustin-Jean Fresnel,
François Arago |
| 1820 |
Electromagnetism |
Hans Christian Ørsted,
André-Marie Ampère,
Michael Faraday |
| 1821 |
Electric conductivity |
Humphry Davy,
Henry Cavendish |
| 1821, 1834 |
Thermoelectric effect |
Thomas Johann Seebeck,
Hans Christian Ørsted |
| 1827 |
Ohm’s law |
Georg Simon Ohm |
| 1831 |
Faraday’s law of induction |
Michael Faraday |
| 1831 |
Electric generator |
Michael Faraday |
| 1833, 1843 |
Wheatstone bridge |
Samuel Hunter Christie,
Charles Wheatstone |
| 1834 |
Peltier effect |
Jean Charles Athanase Peltier |
| 1836 |
Faraday cage |
Michael Faraday |
| 1841 |
Potentiometer |
Johann Christian Poggendorff |
| 1842 |
Magnetostriction |
James Prescott Joule |
| 1845 - 1913 |
Magneto-optic and electro-optic effects |
Michael Faraday,
John Kerr,
Aimé Cotton,
Woldemar Voigt,
Pieter Zeeman,
Henri Mouton,
Johannes Stark,
Antonino Lo Surdo |
| 1857 |
Geissler tube |
Heinrich Geißler |
| 1859 |
Lead-acid battery |
Gaston Planté,
Camille Alphonse Faure |
| 1864 |
Maxwell’s equations |
James Clerk Maxwell |
| 1869 |
Cathode ray |
Johann Wilhelm Hittorf |
| 1869 - 1875 |
Crookes tube |
William Crookes |
| 1873 |
Thermionic emission |
Frederick Guthrie,
Thomas Edison |
| 1874, 1904 |
Crystal diode |
Karl Ferdinand Braun,
Henry Harrison Chase Dunwoody,
Greenleaf Whittier Pickard |
| 1876 |
Telephone |
Alexander Graham Bell |
| 1880 |
Piezoelectricity |
Pierre Curie,
Jacques Curie,
Gabriel Lippmann |
| 1887 |
Michelson-Morley experiment |
Albert A. Michelson,
Edward W. Morley |
| 1888 |
Ampere balance |
William Thomson Lord Kelvin |
| 1889 |
Length contraction |
George Francis FitzGerald |
| 1889 |
Paschen’s law |
Friedrich Paschen |
| 1890 |
Coherer |
Edouard Branly |
| 1895 |
X-rays |
Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen |
| 1895 |
Curie’s law |
Pierre Curie |
| 1896 |
Radio |
Guglielmo Marconi |
| 1896, 1902 |
Magnetic detector |
Ernest Rutherford,
Guglielmo Marconi |
| 1896 |
Diode bridge |
Karol Pollak |
| 1901 |
Heterodyne |
Reginald Fessenden |
| 1902 |
Hot wire barretter |
Reginald Fessenden |
| 1903 |
Electrolytic detector |
Reginald Fessenden |
| 1904 |
Telemobiloscope |
Christian Hülsmeyer |
| 1904 |
Alexanderson alternator |
Ernst Alexanderson |
| 1904 |
Fleming valve |
John Ambrose Fleming |
| 1905 |
Phased array |
Karl Ferdinand Braun |
| 1906 |
AM broadcasting |
Reginald Fessenden |
| 1906 - 1912 |
Triode |
Lee de Forest,
Irving Langmuir |
| 1907 |
Magnetic domain |
Pierre Weiss |
| 1908 - 1958 |
Van Allen belts |
Kristian Birkeland,
Carl Størmer,
James Van Allen |
| 1908 |
Birkeland current |
Kristian Birkeland |
| 1911 |
Superconductivity |
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes |
| 1911 |
Weiss magneton |
Pierre Weiss |
| 1913 |
Atomic battery |
Henry Moseley |
| 1913 |
Bohr magneton |
Neils Bohr |
| 1915 |
Parson magneton |
Alfred Lauck Parson |
| 1917 - 1960 |
Stimulated emission |
Albert Einstein,
Charles Hard Townes,
James P. Gordon,
Theodore Harold Maiman |
| 1919 |
Barkhausen effect |
Heinrich Barkhausen |
| 1920 |
Ferroelectricity |
Joseph Valasek |
| 1930 |
Magnon |
Felix Bloch |
| 1933 |
Meissner effect |
Walther Meissner,
Robert Ochsenfeld |
| 1942 |
Alfvén wave |
Hannes Alfvén |
| 1946 |
Dynamo theory |
Walter M. Elsasser |
| 1947 |
Transistor |
William Bradford Shockley,
Walter Houser Brattain,
John Bardeen |
| 1947 |
Holography |
Dennis Gabor |
| 1961 |
Flexoelectricity |
Kirill Tolpygo |
| 1964 |
Rectenna |
William C. Brown |
| 1971 |
Memristor |
Leon Chua |
| embryology
|
| 1817 |
Germ layers |
Heinz Christian Pander |
| 1826 |
Eggs and embryos |
Karl Ernst von Baer |
| entomology
|
| 1668 |
Parasites |
Francesco Redi |
| 1669 |
Epigenesis |
Jan Swammerdam |
| 1897 |
Malarial parasite |
Alphonse Laveran,
Patrick Manson,
Ronald Ross |
| 1935 |
Instincts |
Karl von Frisch,
Konrad Zacharias Lorenz,
Nikolaas Tinbergen |
| 1945 |
Dancing bees |
Karl von Frisch |
| epidemiology |
| 1854 |
Cholera and the pump |
John Snow |
| ethnography |
| 1743 |
Ethnography |
Gerhard Friedrich Müller |
| 1799 |
Humboldt’s voyage |
Alexander von Humboldt |
| evolution |
| 1796 |
Comparative anatomy |
Georges Cuvier,
John Hunter |
| 1809 |
Acquired characteristics |
Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet Lamarck |
| 1842 |
Dinosaur |
Richard Owen |
| 1856 |
Neanderthal man |
Hermann Schaaffhausen |
| 1859 |
Origin of species |
Charles Robert Darwin |
| 1860 |
Archaeopteryx |
Richard Owen,
Thomas Henry Huxley |
| 1861 |
Batesian mimicry |
Henry Walter Bates |
| 1878 |
Müllerian mimicry |
Fritz Müller |
| 1889 |
Aggressive mimicry |
George and Elizabeth Peckham |
| 1890 |
Aposematism |
Alfred Russel Wallace,
Edward Bagnall Poulton |
| 1891 |
Java man |
Marie Eugène François Thomas Dubois |
| 1909 |
Mutationism |
Hugo de Vries |
| 1918 |
Neo-Darwinism |
Ronald Aylmer Fisher,
John Burdon Sanderson Haldane,
Sewall Wright,
Theodosius Dobzhansky |
| 1925 |
Tuang child |
Raymond Arthur Dart |
| 1953 |
Abiogenesis |
Stanley Miller,
Harold Urey |
| fluid dynamics
|
| 1752 |
D’Alembert’s paradox |
Jean le Rond d’Alembert |
| 1847 |
Stokes drift |
George Gabriel Stokes |
| 1851 |
Reynolds number |
George Gabriel Stokes |
| 1873 |
Crookes radiometer |
William Crookes |
| 1879 |
Thermal transpiration |
Osborne Reynolds,
Martin Knudsen |
| 1904 |
Boundary layer |
Ludwig Prandtl |
| 1913 |
Tesla turbine |
Nikola Tesla |
| food science |
| 1884 |
Peanut butter |
Marcellus Gilmore Edson |
| 1906 |
Vitamins |
Frederick Gowland Hopkins |
| 1908 |
Umami |
Kikunae Ikeda |
| 1912 |
Scoville scale |
Wilbur Scoville |
| 1913 |
Vitamin discoveries |
Elmer McCollum,
Marguerite Davis,
Lafayette Mendel,
Thomas Burr Osborne,
Christiaan Eijkman,
Edward Mellanby,
Adolf Windaus,
Herbert McLean Evans,
Katharine Bishop,
Carl Dam,
George Whipple,
George Richards Minot,
William Murphy,
Albert Szent-Györgyi |
| 1923 |
Crop diversity |
Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov |
| game theory |
| 1944 |
Game theory |
John von Neumann,
Oskar Morgenstern |
| genetics
|
| 1865 |
Laws of inheritance |
Gregor Johann Mendel |
| 1902 |
Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory |
Theodor Boveri,
Walter Sutton |
| 1904 |
Genetic linkage |
William Bateson,
Edith Rebecca Saunders,
Reginald Punnett |
| 1909 |
Inborn errors of metabolism |
Archibald Garrod |
| 1910 |
Genes |
Thomas Hunt Morgan,
Nettie Maria Stevens,
Alfred Henry Sturtevant,
Calvin Bridges,
Hermann Joseph Muller |
| 1918 |
Neo-Darwinism |
Ronald Aylmer Fisher,
John Burdon Sanderson Haldane,
Sewall Wright,
Theodosius Dobzhansky |
| 1928 |
Transformation |
Frederick Griffith |
| 1943 |
Bacterial genes |
Salvador Edward Luria,
Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück |
| 1944 |
Molecular genetics |
Oswald Avery,
Colin MacLeod,
Maclyn McCarty |
| 1949 |
Sickle-cell disease |
Linus Carl Pauling |
| 1951 |
Jumping genes |
Barbara McClintock |
| 1953 |
DNA structure |
Francis Crick,
James Watson |
| 1970 |
Reverse transcriptase |
Howard Temin,
David Baltimore |
| 1971 - 1977 |
Telomere |
Alexey Olovnikov,
Elizabeth Blackburn,
Carol W. Greider,
Joseph G. Gall,
Jack W. Szostak |
| geodesy
|
| 240 BCE |
Geodesy |
Eratosthenes |
| 1671 |
Surveying the earth |
Jean Picard |
| 1671 |
Gravimetry |
Jean Richer |
| 1668 |
Metric system |
John Wilkins (and the French Revolution) |
| 1817 |
Kater’s pendulum |
Christiaan Huygens,
Gaspard de Prony,
Henry Kater |
| 1978 |
Global Positioning System |
Roger L. Easton,
Ivan A. Getting,
Bradford Parkinson |
| geography
|
| 1799 |
Humboldt’s voyage |
Friedrich
Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt |
| geology
|
| 1785 |
Earth cycles |
James Hutton |
| 1797 |
Catastrophist geology |
James Hall |
| 1799 |
Humboldt’s voyage |
Friedrich
Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt |
| 1812 |
Mohs scale |
Friedrich Mohs |
| 1830 |
Principles of geology |
Charles Lyell |
| 1840 |
Ice age |
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz |
| 1907 |
Dating rocks |
Bertram Boltwood |
| 1929 |
Geomagnetic reversals |
Motonori Matuyama |
| geometry
|
| 546 BCE |
Thales’ theorem |
Thales of Miletus |
| 300 BCE |
Geometry |
Euclid |
| 1637 |
Cartesian coordinates |
René Descartes |
| 1829 |
Non-Euclidean geometry |
Nicolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky,
Janos Bolyai,
Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann |
| geophysics
|
| 1635 |
Magnetic declination |
Henry Gellibrand |
| 1798 |
‘Weighing’ the world |
John Michell,
Henry Cavendish |
| 1885 |
Mountain formation |
Eduard Suess |
| 1906 |
Earth interior |
Richard Dixon Oldham,
Andrija Mohorovičić |
| 1912 |
Continental drift |
Alfred Lothar Wegener |
| 1929 |
Geomagnetic reversals |
Motonori Matuyama |
| 1936 |
Inner core |
Inge Lehmann |
| 1937 |
Goldschmidt classification |
Victor Goldschmidt |
| 1946 |
Dynamo theory |
Walter M. Elsasser |
| glaciology
|
| 1840 |
Ice age |
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz |
| gravimetry |
| 1671 |
Gravimetry |
Jean Richer |
| 1817 |
Kater’s pendulum |
Christiaan Huygens,
Gaspard de Prony,
Henry Kater |
| horology |
| 1657 |
Pendulum clock |
Christiaan Huygens |
| 1678 |
Hooke’s law |
Robert Hooke |
| 1814 - 1815 |
Metronome |
Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel,
Johann Nepomuk Maelzel |
| ichthyology
|
| 1922 |
Eel metamorphosis |
Johannes Schmidt |
| 1938 |
Coelacanth |
Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer,
James Leonard Brierley Smith |
| immunology
|
| 1796 |
Vaccination |
Edward Jenner |
| 1880 - 1881 |
Anthrax vaccine |
Jean Joseph Henri Toussaint,
Louis Pasteur |
| 1882 |
Cellular immunity |
Ilya Ilych (Élie) Metchnikoff |
| 1890 |
Antitoxins |
Emil von Behring,
Shibasaburō Kitasato |
| 1895 |
Antivenom |
Albert Calmette |
| 1898 |
Viruses |
Martinus Beijerinck |
| 1921 |
Tuberculosis vaccine |
Albert Calmette,
Camille Guérin |
| 1949 |
Immune tolerance |
Peter Medawar,
Frank Macfarlane Burnet |
| 1955 |
Polio vaccine |
John Franklin Enders,
Thomas Huckle Weller,
Frederick Chapman Robbins,
Jonas Salk,
Albert Sabin |
| infographics |
| 1644 - 1869 |
Infographics |
William Playfair,
Florence Nightingale,
Charles Joseph Minard |
| 1796 |
Vaccination |
Edward Jenner |
| kinematics
|
| 1638 |
Kinematics |
Galileo Galilei |
| 1657 |
Pendulum clock |
Christiaan Huygens |
| 1671 |
Gravimetry |
Jean Richer |
| 1817 |
Kater’s pendulum |
Christiaan Huygens,
Gaspard de Prony,
Henry Kater |
| linguistics |
| 335 BCE |
Science |
Aristotle |
| 1647 - 1678 |
Philosophical language |
Francis Lodwick,
Thomas Urquhart,
George Dalgarno,
Thomas Wilkins,
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz |
| 1822 |
Deciphering hieroglyphics |
Jean François Champollion |
| 1839 - 1887 |
International auxiliary language |
Joseph Schipfer,
Joachim Faiguet de Villeneuve,
Jean Pirro,
Johann Martin Schleyer,
L. L. Zamenhof |
| 2018 |
Shɑrpεn |
Tom Sharp |
| logic
|
| 335 BCE |
Science |
Aristotle |
| 1847 |
Boolean algebra |
George Boole |
| 1931 |
Incompleteness theorems |
Kurt Gödel |
| manufacturing |
| 105 |
Paper |
Cai Lun |
| 200 |
Woodblock printing |
Chinese, Han dynasty |
| 1040 |
Moveable-type printing |
Bi Sheng |
| materials science
|
| 1862 |
Celluloid |
Alexander Parkes |
| 1893 |
Galalith |
Auguste Trillat |
| 1907 |
Bakelite |
Leo Baekeland |
| 1935 |
Nylon |
Wallace Hume Carothers |
| 1953 |
CorningWare |
S. Donald Stookey |
| 1964 |
Kevlar |
Stephanie Kwolek |
| mathematics
|
| 495 BCE |
Proof of the Pythagorean theorem |
Pythagoras |
| 300 BCE |
Geometry |
Euclid |
| 285 |
Diophantine equation |
Diophantus |
| 628 |
Zero |
Brahmagupta |
| 820 |
Algebra |
Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī |
| 1202 |
Number system |
Leonardo Pisano Bigollo (Fibonacci) |
| 1614 |
Logarithm |
John Napier |
| 1637 |
Cartesian coordinates |
René Descartes |
| 1644 - 1869 |
Infographics |
William Playfair,
Florence Nightingale,
Charles Joseph Minard |
| 1656 |
Infinite and infinitesimal |
John Wallis |
| 1668, 1669 |
Fundamental theorem of calculus |
James Gregory,
Isaac Barrow |
| 1671, 1684 |
Calculus |
Isaac Newton,
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz |
| 1679 |
Binary number |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz |
| 1683 |
Euler’s number |
Jacob Bernoulli,
Leonhard Euler |
| 1687 |
Principia Mathematica |
Isaac Newton |
| 1736 |
Graph theory |
Leonhard Euler |
| 1736 - 1895 |
Topology |
Leonhard Euler,
Antoine-Jean Lhuilier,
August Ferdinand Möbius,
Johann Benedict Listing,
Henri Poincaré |
| 1758 |
Euler characteristic |
Leonhard Euler |
| 1768 |
Pi |
Johann Heinrich Lambert,
Ferdinand von Lindemann |
| 1771, 1885 |
Knot theory |
Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde,
Peter Guthrie Tait |
| 1829 |
Non-Euclidean geometry |
Nicolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky,
Janos Bolyai,
Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann |
| 1864 |
Maxwell’s equations |
James Clerk Maxwell |
| 1903 |
Chaos theory |
Jules Henri Poincaré |
| 1904 |
Lorentz transformations |
Hendrik Lorentz,
Henri Poincaré |
| 1918, 1975 |
Fractal dimension |
Felix Hausdorff,
Benoit Mandelbrot |
| 1975 |
Fractal |
Benoit Mandelbrot |
| mechanics
|
| 2400 BCE—1820 CE |
Computing devices |
(world history) |
| 260 BCE |
Mechanical advantage |
Archimedes |
| 70 |
Windmill |
Hero of Alexandria |
| 1620 |
Submarine |
Cornelis Drebbel |
| 1678 |
Hooke’s law |
Robert Hooke |
| 1772, 1796 |
Hydraulic ram |
John Whitehurst,
Joseph-Michel Montgolfier |
| 1805 |
Oruktor Amphibolos |
Oliver Evans |
| 1860 |
Roots blower |
Philander Roots,
Francis Marion Roots |
| 1874 |
Rotary vane pump |
Charles C. Barnes |
| 1885 |
Automobile |
Karl Benz |
| medicine
|
| 400 BCE |
Medicine |
Hippocrates |
| 70 |
Traditional medicine |
Pedanius Dioscorides |
| 180 |
Medical research |
Galen |
| 1025 |
The Canon of Medicine |
Avicenna |
| 1543 |
Human anatomy |
Andreas Vesalius |
| 1614 |
Metabolism |
Sanctorius Sanctorius |
| 1796 |
Vaccination |
Edward Jenner |
| 1799 |
Placebo effect |
John Haygarth |
| 1842 - 1846 |
Anesthesia |
Crawford Long,
Horace Wells,
William T. G. Morton |
| 1865 |
Antiseptic surgery |
Joseph Lister |
| 1878 |
Germ theory |
Louis Pasteur |
| 1882 |
Cellular immunity |
Ilya Ilych (Élie) Metchnikoff |
| 1896 |
Preventing cholera |
Ernest Hanbury Hankin |
| 1897 |
Aspirin |
Arthur Eichengrün,
Felix Hoffmann |
| 1897 |
Malarial parasite |
Alphonse Laveran,
Patrick Manson,
Ronald Ross |
| 1898 |
Viruses |
Martinus Beijerinck |
| 1901 |
Blood groups |
Karl Landsteiner |
| 1921 |
Insulin |
Frederick Banting,
Charles Herbert Best |
| 1928 |
Penicillin |
Alexander Fleming |
| 1944 - 1960 |
The pill |
Russell Earl Marker,
George Rosenkranz,
Carl Djerassi,
Luis E. Miramontes,
Frank B. Colton,
Margaret Sanger,
Katharine McCormick,
Gregory Pincus,
Min Chueh Chang,
John Rock |
| metabolism
|
| 1614 |
Metabolism |
Sanctorius Sanctorius |
| 1628 |
Circulation of the blood |
William Harvey |
| 1865 |
Regulating the body |
Claude Bernard |
| 1909 |
Inborn errors of metabolism |
Archibald Garrod |
| 1937 |
Citric-acid cycle |
Hans Adolf Krebs |
| 1944 - 1960 |
The pill |
Russell Earl Marker,
George Rosenkranz,
Carl Djerassi,
Luis E. Miramontes,
Frank B. Colton,
Margaret Sanger,
Katharine McCormick,
Gregory Pincus,
Min Chueh Chang,
John Rock |
| metallurgy
|
| 8700 BCE |
Copper |
Middle East |
| 6400 BCE |
Lead |
Çatalhöyük |
| 4600 BCE |
Gold |
Varna Necropolis |
| 4000 BCE |
Silver |
Asia Minor |
| 3200 BCE |
Iron |
Gerzeh |
| 3000 BCE |
Tin |
Mesopotamia, Balkans |
| 2000 - 1500 BCE |
Mercury |
China, India, Egypt |
| 1000 BCE |
Zinc |
Judea, India,
Nagarjuna |
| 1750 |
Platinum |
Antonio de Ulloa,
Charles Wood,
William Brownrigg,
William Hyde Wollaston,
Smithson Tennant |
| 1804 |
Platinum group metals |
William Hyde Wollaston,
Smithson Tennant |
| meteorology
|
| 1799 |
Humboldt’s voyage |
Alexander von Humboldt |
| 1840 |
Ice age |
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz |
| 1914 |
Climate cycles |
Milutin Milanković |
| 1920 |
Weather forecasting |
Vilhelm Friman Koren Bjerknes,
Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes |
| metrology
|
| 1542 |
Nonius |
Pedro Nunes |
| 1631 |
Vernier scale |
Pierre Vernier |
| 1638 |
Micrometer |
William Gascoigne |
| 1643 |
Atmospheric pressure |
Evangelista Torricelli,
Blaise Pascal |
| 1668 |
Metric system |
John Wilkins (and the French Revolution) |
| 1739 |
Dividing engine |
Henry Hindley |
| 1895 |
Curie’s law |
Pierre Curie |
| molecular biology
|
| 1949 |
Sickle-cell disease |
Linus Carl Pauling |
| neuroscience
|
| 1889 |
Nervous system |
Camillo Golgi,
Santiago Ramón y Cajal |
| 1914 |
Neurotransmitters |
Henry Hallett Dale,
George Barger,
Otto Loewi |
| 1943 |
Neural networks |
Warren Sturgis McCulloch,
Walter Pitts |
| 1952 |
Nerve impulses |
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin,
Andrew Fielding Huxley |
| 1952 |
Nerve growth |
Rita Levi-Montalcini |
| 1956 |
Visual phototransduction |
George Wald |
| oceanography
|
| 1859 |
Wallace line |
Alfred Russel Wallace |
| 1879 |
Kelvin wave |
William Thomson Lord Kelvin |
| 1894 |
Nansen bottle |
Fridtjof Nansen,
Shale Niskin |
| 1902 |
Ekman transport |
Vagn Walfrid Ekman,
Fridtjof Nansen |
| 1927 |
Langmuir circulation |
Irving Langmuir |
| 1939 |
Rossby wave |
Carl-Gustaf Rossby |
| optics
|
| 984, 1602, 1621, 1637 |
Snell’s law |
Ibn Sahl,
Thomas Harriot,
Willebrord Snellius,
René Descartes |
| 1025 |
Optics |
Abu-‘Ali Al-Hasan ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen) |
| 1413 - 1420 |
Perspective |
Filippo Brunelleschi,
Leon Battista Alberti,
Piero della Francesca |
| 1590 - 1608 |
Microscope and telescope |
Zacharias Janssen,
Hans Lippershey,
Jacob Metius,
Cornelis Drebbel |
| 1662 |
Fermat’s principle |
Pierre de Fermat |
| 1666 |
Theory of color |
Isaac Newton |
| 1669 |
Birefringence |
Rasmus Bartholin |
| 1678, 1816 |
Huygens—Fresnel principle |
Christiaan Huygens,
Augustin-Jean Fresnel |
| 1819 |
Wave optics |
Augustin-Jean Fresnel,
François Arago |
| 1828 |
Nicol prism |
William Nicol |
| 1888 |
Cinematography |
Louis Aimé Augustin Le Prince,
Thomas Edison,
Auguste and Louis Lumière |
| 1914 |
Glossmeter |
Leonard R. Ingersoll |
| 1947 |
Holography |
Dennis Gabor |
| paleontology |
| 1565 |
Fossils |
Conrad Gessner |
| 1796 |
Comparative anatomy |
Georges Cuvier,
John Hunter |
| 1834 |
Cro-Magnons |
Édouard Lartet,
Louis Lartet |
| 1842 |
Dinosaur |
Richard Owen |
| 1856 |
Neanderthal man |
Hermann Schaaffhausen |
| 1859 |
Origin of species |
Charles Robert Darwin |
| 1860 |
Archaeopteryx |
Richard Owen,
Thomas Henry Huxley |
| 1909 |
Burgess shale |
Charles Doolittle Walcott |
| palynology
|
| 1670 |
Palynology |
Nehemiah Grew,
Robert Kidston |
| parasitology
|
| 1668 |
Parasites |
Francesco Redi |
| 1897 |
Malarial parasite |
Alphonse Laveran,
Patrick Manson,
Ronald Ross |
| particle physics
|
| 1897 |
Electron |
Joseph John Thomson |
| 1925, 1926 |
Pauli exclusion principle/Exchange interaction |
Wolfgang Pauli,
Werner Heisenberg,
Paul Dirac |
| 1932 |
Neutron |
James Chadwick |
| 1932 |
Antimatter |
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac,
Carl David Anderson |
| 1932 - 1951 |
Positronium |
Carl David Anderson,
Stjepan Mohorovičić,
Martin Deutsch |
| 1932 |
Phonon |
Igor Tamm |
| 1934, 1947 |
Meson |
Hideki Yukawa,
Cecil Powell,
César Lattes,
Giuseppe Occhialini |
| 1935 |
Majorana fermion |
Ettore Majorana |
| 1936 |
Muon |
Carl David Anderson,
Seth Neddermeyer |
| 1956 |
Neutrino |
Wolfgang Pauli,
Frederick Reines,
Clyde Cowan |
| 1960 |
Muonium |
Vernon W. Hughes |
| 1964 |
Quark |
Murray Gell-Mann,
George Zweig |
| 1971 - 1977 |
Tau |
Yung-su Tsai,
Martin Lewis Perl |
| pathology
|
| 1854 |
Cholera and the pump |
John Snow |
| 1878 |
Germ theory |
Louis Pasteur |
| 1897 |
Malarial parasite |
Alphonse Laveran,
Patrick Manson,
Ronald Ross |
| 1909 |
Inborn errors of metabolism |
Archibald Garrod |
| 1949 |
Sickle-cell disease |
Linus Carl Pauling |
| pharmacology
|
| 70 |
Traditional medicine |
Pedanius Dioscorides |
| 1897 |
Aspirin |
Arthur Eichengrün,
Felix Hoffmann |
| 1908, 1935 |
Sulfanilamide |
Paul Gelmo,
Gerhard Domagk |
| 1910 |
Chemotherapy |
Paul Ehrlich |
| 1928 |
Penicillin |
Alexander Fleming |
| 1944 - 1960 |
The pill |
Russell Earl Marker,
George Rosenkranz,
Carl Djerassi,
Luis E. Miramontes,
Frank B. Colton,
Margaret Sanger,
Katharine McCormick,
Gregory Pincus,
Min Chueh Chang,
John Rock |
| 1945 |
Structure of penicillin |
Dorothy Hodgkin |
| philosophy of science |
| 335 BCE |
Science |
Aristotle |
| 1620 |
Scientific method |
Francis Bacon |
| 1735 |
Naming species |
Carl Linnaeus |
| 1799 |
Humboldt’s voyage |
Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt |
| 1833 |
“Scientist” |
William Whewell |
| 1867 |
Dynamite |
Alfred Bernhard Nobel |
| 1876 |
Industrial research laboratory |
Thomas Edison |
| 1950 |
Turing test |
Alan Turing |
| physics
|
| 335 BCE |
Science |
Aristotle |
| 1637 |
Mersenne’s laws |
Pythagoras,
Vincenzo Galilei,
Marin Mersenne |
| 1638 |
Kinematics |
Galileo Galilei |
| 1643 |
Atmospheric pressure |
Evangelista Torricelli,
Blaise Pascal |
| 1662 |
Boyle’s law |
Richard Towneley,
Henry Power,
Robert Boyle |
| 1666 |
Theory of color |
Isaac Newton |
| 1669 |
Birefringence |
Rasmus Bartholin |
| 1699 |
Tribology |
Leonardo da Vinci,
Guillaume Amontons |
| 1705, 1894 |
Gas-discharge lamp |
Francis Hauksbee,
Nikola Tesla |
| 1738 |
Bernoulli’s principle |
Daniel Bernoulli |
| 1765 |
Steam engine |
James Watt |
| 1798 |
‘Weighing’ the world |
John Michell,
Henry Cavendish |
| 1800 |
Wave nature of light |
Thomas Young |
| 1802 - 1879 |
Incandescent light |
Humphry Davy,
Thomas Edison |
| 1808 |
Atomic theory |
John Dalton |
| 1815 |
Prout’s hypothesis |
William Prout |
| 1814 |
Spectral lines |
Joseph von Fraunhofer |
| 1819 |
Wave optics |
Augustin-Jean Fresnel,
François Arago |
| 1823 |
Liquefaction of gases |
Michael Faraday |
| 1834 |
Laws of electrolysis |
Michael Faraday |
| 1842 |
Doppler effect |
Christian Doppler |
| 1847 |
Laws of thermodynamics |
Benjamin Thompson,
Sadi Carnot,
James Prescott Joule,
Rudolf Clausius |
| 1863 |
Greenhouse effect |
John Tyndall |
| 1864 |
Maxwell’s equations |
James Clerk Maxwell |
| 1869 |
Periodic table |
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev |
| 1873 |
Changes of state |
Johannes Diederik van der Waals |
| 1893 |
Diesel engine |
Rudolf Diesel |
| 1895 |
X-rays |
Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen |
| 1896 |
Radioactivity |
Antoine Henri Becquerel,
Marie Skłodowska Curie,
Pierre Curie,
Ernest Rutherford,
Frederick Soddy |
| 1897 |
Townsend discharge |
John Sealy Townsend |
| 1900 |
Quanta |
Max Planck,
Albert Einstein |
| 1900 |
Gamma ray |
Paul Ulrich Villard |
| 1903 |
Airplane |
Wilbur Wright,
Orville Wright |
| 1903 |
Spinthariscope |
William Crookes |
| 1905 |
Special relativity |
Albert Einstein |
| 1908 |
Brownian motion |
Robert Brown,
Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann,
Albert Einstein,
Jean Baptiste Perrin |
| 1911 |
Superconductivity |
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes |
| 1911 |
Cosmic rays |
Victor Francis Hess |
| 1911 - 1920 |
Sagnac effect |
Max von Laue,
Georges Sagnac |
| 1913 |
Atom |
Ernest Rutherford,
Niels Bohr |
| 1915 |
General relativity |
Albert Einstein |
| 1916 |
Chemical bond |
Gilbert N. Lewis |
| 1916 |
Schwartzchild radius |
Karl Schwarzschild |
| 1917 - 1960 |
Stimulated emission |
Albert Einstein,
Charles Hard Townes,
James P. Gordon,
Theodore Harold Maiman |
| 1918 |
Noether’s theorem |
Emmy Noether |
| 1920 |
Stellar evolution |
Arthur Stanley Eddington,
Hans Albrecht Bethe,
Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker,
Ejnar Hertzsprung,
Henry Norris Russell |
| 1923 |
Compton scattering |
Arthur Holly Compton |
| 1924 |
Plasma |
Irving Langmuir |
| 1925 |
Wave-particle duality |
Werner Karl Heisenberg,
Louis-Victor de Broglie,
Erwin Schrödinger |
| 1925 |
Bose-Einstein condensate |
Satyendra Nath Bose,
Albert Einstein |
| 1928 - 1929 |
Plasma oscillation |
Irving Langmuir,
Lewi Tonks |
| 1931 |
White dwarfs |
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar |
| 1932 |
Neutron |
James Chadwick |
| 1934 |
Cherenkov radiation |
Pavel Cherenkov,
Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov,
Igor Tamm,
Pavel Frank |
| 1935 |
Geiger counter |
John Sealy Townsend,
Hans Geiger,
Walther Müller |
| 1935 |
Induced radioactivity |
Irène Joliot-Curie,
Frédéric Joliot-Curie |
| 1937 |
Superfluidity |
Pyotr Kapitsa,
John F. Allen,
Don Misener |
| 1942 |
Nuclear fission |
Otto Hahn,
Fritz Strassmann,
Lise Meitner,
Otto Robert Frisch,
Rudolf Peierls,
Enrico Fermi |
| 1947 |
Radiocarbon dating |
Willard Frank Libby |
| 1947 |
Transistor |
William Bradford Shockley,
Walter Houser Brattain,
John Bardeen |
| 1948 |
Quantum electrodynamics |
Hans Albrecht Bethe,
Julian Seymour Schwinger,
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga,
Freeman John Dyson,
Richard Phillips Feynman |
| 1956 |
Parity violation |
Tsung-Dao Lee,
Chen-Ning Yang |
| 1956 |
Cooper pair |
Leon Cooper |
| 1957 |
BCS theory |
John Bardeen,
Leon Cooper,
John Robert Schrieffer |
| 1958 |
Mössbauer effect |
Rudolf Mössbauer |
| 1964 |
CP violation |
James Cronin,
Val Fitch |
| 2003 |
Fermionic condensate |
Deborah Jin,
Rudolf Grimm,
Wolfgang Ketterle |
| 2017 |
Time crystal |
Frank Wilczek,
Krzysztof Sacha,
Norman Yao,
Christopher Monroe,
Mikhail Lukin |
| plate tectonics
|
| 1885 |
Mountain formation |
Eduard Suess |
| 1906 |
Earth interior |
Richard Dixon Oldham,
Andrija Mohorovičić |
| 1912 |
Continental drift |
Alfred Lothar Wegener |
| 1929 |
Geomagnetic reversals |
Motonori Matuyama |
| pneumatics |
| 70 |
Windmill |
Hero of Alexandria
|
| 1679 |
Pressure cooker, safety valve |
Denis Papin |
| political science |
| 335 BCE |
Science |
Aristotle |
| primatology
|
| 1834 |
Cro-Magnons |
Édouard Lartet,
Louis Lartet
|
| 1856 |
Neanderthal man |
Hermann Schaaffhausen |
| 1891 |
Java man |
Eugène Dubois |
| 1925 |
Tuang child |
Raymond Dart |
| 1959 |
Paranthropus boisei |
Mary Leakey,
Louis Leakey |
| 1960 |
Chimpanzees and humans |
Jane Goodall |
| protistology
|
| 1860 |
Protist |
John Hogg |
| psychiatry
|
| 1938, 1943 |
Autism |
Hans Asperger,
Leo Kanner |
| psychology |
| 1682 |
Memory |
Robert Hooke |
| 1895 |
Libido |
Sigmund Freud |
| 1904 |
Conditioned reflexes |
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov |
| 1924 |
Child development |
Jean Piaget |
| 1938 |
Radical behaviorism |
Burrhus Frederic Skinner |
| psychometrics |
| 1904 |
Intelligence testing |
Alfred Binet |
| probability
|
| 1654 |
Probability theory |
Blaise Pascal,
Pierre de Fermat |
| 1763 |
Bayes’ theorem |
Thomas Bayes |
| quantum mechanics
|
| 1900 |
Planck constant |
Max Planck |
| 1900 |
Quanta |
Max Planck,
Albert Einstein |
| 1925 |
Wave-particle duality |
Werner Heisenberg,
Louis de Broglie,
Erwin Schrödinger |
| 1926 |
Schrödinger equation |
Erwin Schrödinger |
| 1927 |
Uncertainty principle |
Werner Heisenberg |
| 1928 |
Dirac equation |
Paul Dirac |
| 1930 |
Zitterbewegung |
Erwin Schrödinger |
| 1930 |
Quasiparticles |
Felix Bloch,
Yakov Frenkel,
Paul Dirac,
Igor Tamm,
Lev Landau,
Ettore Majorana,
Lars Onsager,
Kirill Tolpygo,
David Pines,
David Bohm,
Leon Cooper,
Tony Skyrme,
Robert B. Laughlin,
Horst Ludwig Störmer,
Daniel Tsui,
Shin'ichirō Tomonaga,
Joaquin Mazdak Luttinger,
Jeroen van den Brink,
Daniel I. Khomskii,
George Sawatzky |
| 1948 |
Quantum electrodynamics |
Hans Albrecht Bethe,
Julian Seymour Schwinger,
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga,
Freeman John Dyson,
Richard Phillips Feynman |
| 1948 |
Casimir effect |
Hendrik Casimir,
Dirk Polder |
| 1948 |
Feynman diagram |
Richard Feynman |
| sociobiology
|
| 1922 |
Coefficient of relationship |
Sewall Wright |
| 1964 |
Altruism |
W. D. Hamilton |
| 1975 |
Sociobiology |
E. O. Wilson |
| sociology |
| 1944 - 1960 |
The pill |
Russell Earl Marker,
George Rosenkranz,
Carl Djerassi,
Luis E. Miramontes,
Frank B. Colton,
Margaret Sanger,
Katharine McCormick,
Gregory Pincus,
Min Chueh Chang,
John Rock |
| spectronomy |
| 1814 |
Spectral lines |
Joseph von Fraunhofer |
| speleology
|
| 1895 |
Speleology |
Édouard-Alfred Martel |
| stratigraphy
|
| 1669 |
Stratigraphy |
Nicolas Steno |
| 1815 |
Fossil sequences |
William Smith |
| stoichiometry
|
| 1774 |
Combustion |
Joseph Priestley,
Carl Wilhelm Scheele,
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier |
| 1774 |
Conservation of mass |
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier |
| 1784 |
Hydrogen and water |
Henry Cavendish |
| 1811, 1909 |
Avogadro constant |
Amedeo Avogadro,
Jean Baptiste Perrin |
| telecommunication
|
| 1876 |
Industrial research laboratory |
Thomas Edison |
| 1876 |
Telephone |
Alexander Graham Bell |
| 1896 |
Radio |
Guglielmo Marconi |
| 1899 |
Loading coil |
Oliver Heaviside,
George Ashley Campbell,
Mihajlo Pupin |
| 1942 |
Frequency-hopping |
Hedy Lamarr,
George Antheil |
| 1948 |
Information theory |
Claude Elwood Shannon |
| theoretical biology
|
| 1798 |
Population pressure |
Thomas Robert Malthus |
1952
|
Turing pattern |
Alan Turing |
| thermodynamics
|
| 1678 - 1876 |
Internal combustion engine |
Jean de Hautefeuille,
Christiaan Huygens,
Denis Papin,
François Isaac de Rivaz,
Nicéphore Niépce,
Claude Niépce,
Samuel Brown,
William Barnett,
Eugenio Barsanti,
Felice Matteucci,
Étienne Lenoir,
Alphonse Beau de Rochas,
Nikolaus Otto,
Eugen Langen |
| 1756 |
Leidenfrost effect |
Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost |
| 1761 |
Latent heat |
Joseph Black |
| 1765 |
Steam engine |
James Watt |
| 1805 - 1876 |
Vapor-compression refrigeration |
Oliver Evans,
Jacob Perkins,
John Gorrie,
Alexander Twining,
James Harrison,
Ferdinand and Edmond Carré,
Carl von Linde |
| 1805 |
Oruktor Amphibolos |
Oliver Evans |
| 1816 |
Stirling engine |
Robert Stirling |
| 1842 |
Conservation of energy |
Julius von Mayer,
James Prescott Joule |
| 1847 |
Laws of thermodynamics |
Benjamin Thompson,
Sadi Carnot,
James Prescott Joule,
Rudolf Clausius |
| 1852 |
Joule-Thomson effect |
James Prescott Joule,
William Thomson Lord Kelvin |
| 1855, 1865 |
Marangoni effect |
James Thomson,
Carlo Marangoni |
| 1871 |
Resistance thermometer |
Carl Wilhelm Siemens |
| 1873 |
Gibbs free energy |
Josiah Willard Gibbs |
| 1876 |
Chemical potential |
Josiah Willard Gibbs |
| 1879 |
Stefan-Boltzmann law |
Josef Stefan,
Ludwig Boltzmann |
| 1885 |
Automobile |
Karl Benz |
| 1893 |
Diesel engine |
Rudolf Diesel |
| 1922 |
Absorption refrigerator |
Baltzar von Platen,
Carl Munters,
Albert Einstein,
Leo Szilard |
| 1963 |
Mpemba effect |
Erasto Batholomeo Mpemba,
Denis G. Osborne |
| 1974 |
Hawking radiation |
Stephen Hawking |
| thermometry
|
| 1701 |
Newton scale |
Isaac Newton |
| 1701 |
Rømer scale |
Ole Christensen Rømer |
| 1724 |
Fahrenheit scale |
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit |
| 1730 |
Réaumur scale |
René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur |
| 1732 |
Delisle scale |
Joseph-Nicolas Delisle |
| 1742 |
Centigrade scale |
Anders Celsius,
Jean-Pierre Christin |
| 1759 |
Pyrometer |
James Ferguson |
| 1878 |
Bolometer |
Samuel Pierpont Langley |
| 1783 |
Wedgwood scale |
Josiah Wedgwood |
| 1803 |
Platinum pyrometer |
Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau,
John Frederic Daniell |
| 1818 |
Aethrioscope |
John Leslie |
| 1848 |
Kelvin scale |
William Thompson Lord Kelvin |
| 1901 |
Disappearing-filament pyrometer |
Ferdinand Kurlbaum,
Ludwig Holborn,
Harmon Northrup Morse |
| toxicology
|
| 1538 |
Toxicology |
Paracelsus |
| 1895 |
Antivenom |
Albert Calmette |
| tribology
|
| 1669 |
Tribology |
Leonardo da Vinci,
Guillaume Amontons |
| 1757 |
Triboelectric series |
Johan Carl Wilcke |
| virology
|
| 1898 |
Viruses |
Martinus Beijerinck |
| 1915, 1917 |
Bacteriophage |
Frederick Twort,
Félix d’Herelle |
| zoology
|
| 335 BCE |
Science |
Aristotle |
| 1799 |
Humboldt’s voyage |
Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt |
| 1940 |
Bat echolocation |
Donald Griffin,
Robert Galambos |
| zymology
|
| 1878 |
Germ theory |
Louis Pasteur |
