Illustration of Huygens–Fresnel principle

1678,1816 Huygens–Fresnel principle

The book of science

Tom Sharp

Christiaan Huygens, Augustin-Jean Fresnel optics Illustration of Huygens–Fresnel principle

Huygens–Fresnel principle

Huygens considered light to be a luminous disturbance of springy corpuscles of ether propagated by spherical waves from each point in its path that add up to determine light’s direction. Huygen’s principle explained reflection and refraction, but not defraction. Fresnel explained defraction by adding to Huygen’s principle that observation that light waves interfere with each other.

Arago spot

The spot that shouldn’t exist in the center of a circular shadow helped show that light behaves like waves.

Geometry of corpuscles

Huygens applied compass and ruler, geometric methods, to mythical corpuscles of ether. It should perhaps be claimed that what he made was not a description of light but a paper and pencil model of it.

Fresnel, working a hundred and thirty years after Huygens, expressed the circular disturbances made by each corpuscle of ether mathematically. The theory may seem archaic; however, it still predicts the behavior of electromagnetic disturbances in quantum field theory.

See also in The book of science:

Readings in wikipedia:

Other readings:

  • “Treatise on Light,” by Christiaan Huygens, translated by Sylvanius P. Thompson, on Project Gutenberg