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Periodic table of the elements

Color key to atomic numbers and element symbols
These show the states of the element at a temperature of 0 °C and a pressure of 1 atmosphere.

• Blue print is for liquids.
• Green print is for gases.
• Black print is for solids.
• Red print is for synthetics (solid).
• Gray print is for elements whose state has not yet been determined.
• Lighter background colors indicate likely chemical series.

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Elements by year of discovery

Year	Poems and Commentary	Location— Scientists
8700 BCE	Copper Atomic number 29 Copperness Commentary	Middle East
6400 BCE	Lead Atomic number 82 Lead poisoning Commentary	Çatalhöyük
4600 BCE	Gold Atomic number 79 Electrum Commentary	Varna Necropolis
4000 BCE	Silver Atomic number 47 Stuff that tarnishes Commentary	Asia Minor
4000 BCE	Carbon Atomic number 6 Forms of carbon Commentary	China, India, Egypt, Sumeria
3200 BCE	Iron Atomic number 26 Stuff that rusts Commentary	Gerzeh
3100 BCE	Antimony Atomic number 51 The lost art Commentary	Egypt
3000 BCE	Tin Atomic number 50 Tin mistakes Commentary	Mesopotamia, Balkans
2500 BCE	Arsenic Atomic number 33 Poison Commentary	Near East
2000 BCE	Sulfur Atomic number 16 Ode to allicin Commentary	China, India
2000 - 1500 BCE	Mercury Atomic number 80 Liquids Commentary	China, India, Egypt
1000 BCE	Zinc Atomic number 30 Anhedonia Commentary	Judea, India, Nagarjuna
1000 BCE	Bismuth Atomic number 83 Too soon Work in progress Commentary	Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, France—Paracelsus, Georgius Agricola, Claude François Geoffroy
1669	Phosphorus Atomic number 15 Stuff that glows Commentary	Hamburg—Hennig Brand
1735	Cobalt Atomic number 27 Stuff that jinxes Commentary	Stockholm—Georg Brandt
1750	Platinum Atomic number 78 Stuff that doesn’t tarnish Commentary	London—Antonio de Ulloa, Charles Wood, William Brownrigg, William Hyde Wollaston, Smithson Tennant
1751	Nickel Atomic number 28 Stuff that annoys Commentary	Los—Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
1755, 1808	Magnesium Atomic number 12 Stuff that burns Commentary	Glasgow, London—Joseph Black, Humphry Davy
1770 - 1774	Manganese Atomic number 25 Manganism Commentary	Uppsala, Falun—Torbern Bergman, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Johan Gottlieb Gahn
1772	Nitrogen Atomic number 7 Stuff that explodes Commentary	Edinburgh—Daniel Rutherford
1774, 1808	Barium Atomic number 56 Stuff that sticks Commentary	Uppsala, London—Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Humphry Davy
1774	Combustion Codiscoveries Oxygène Commentary	Joseph Priestley, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Antoine Lavoisier
1774, 1810	Chlorine The meaning of oxygen Pale green Offenses Commentary	Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Humphry Davy
1778, 1781	Molybdenum Atomic number 42 Light and strong Commentary	Uppsala—Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Peter Jacob Hjelm
1781, 1783	Tungsten Atomic number 74 Hard stuff Commentary	Uppsala, Bergara—Torbern Bergman, Juan José Elhuyar, Fausto Elhuyar
1782	Tellurium Atomic number 52 Earth miners Commentary	Transylvania—Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein, Martin Heinrich Klaproth
1784	Hydrogen and water Phlogistonist Hydrogène Commentary	Henry Cavendish
1789, 1824	Zirconium Atomic number 40 Leshem, Liguria Commentary	Berlin, Stockholm—Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jacob Berzelius
1789, 1841	Uranium Atomic number 92 Unstable Commentary	Berlin, Paris—Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Eugène-Melchoir Péligot
1790, 1808	Strontium Atomic number 38 Minerals Commentary	London—Adair Crawford, William Cruikshank, Humphry Davy
1791 - 1910	Titanium Atomic number 22 Places Commentary	Creed, Berlin, Stockholm, Troy—William Gregor, Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Matthew Hunter
1794 - 1843	Yttrium Named after Ytterby Atomic number 39 Rare earths Commentary	Åbo, Stockholm—Johan Gadolin, Carl Gustaf Mosander
1797	Chromium Atomic number 24 Stuff that shines Commentary	Paris—Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
1798, 1828	Beryllium Atomic number 4 Gems Stuff with flaws Commentary	Paris, Berlin—Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, Friedrich Wöhler, Antoine Bussy
1801	Niobium Atomic number 41 Technical stuff Commentary	London—Charles Hatchett
1802	Tantalum Atomic number 73 Rare stuff Commentary	Uppsala—Anders Gustaf Ekeberg
1803, 1830, 1867	Vanadium Atomic number 23 Stuff with color Commentary	Mexico City, Stockholm, Manchester—Andrés Manuel del Río, Nils Gabriel Sefström, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Henry Enfield Roscoe
1803, 1839	Cerium Atomic number 58 Stuff with sparks Commentary	Berlin, Bastnäs, Stockholm—Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger, Carl Gustaf Mosander
1804	Platinum group metals Rhodium and palladium Iridium and osmium Wollastonite Names Commentary	London—William Hyde Wollaston, Smithson Tennant
1807	Potassium Atomic number 19 Essential stuff Commentary	London—Humphry Davy
1807	Sodium Atomic number 11 Salty stuff Commentary	London—Humphry Davy
1808	Calcium Atomic number 20 Metalic stuff Commentary	London—Humphry Davy
1808	Boron Atomic number 5 Flubber Commentary	London, Paris—Humphry Davy, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, Louis Jacques Thénard
1811	Iodine Atomic number 53 Stuff that stings Commentary	Dijon—Bernard Courtois
1817, 1821	Lithium Atomic number 3 Lithia waters Commentary	Stockholm, London—Johan August Arfwedson, William Thomas Brande
1817	Cadmium Atomic number 48 Itai-itai disease Commentary	Göttingen—Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann, Friedrich Stromeyer, Johann Christoff Heinrich Roloff
1817	Selenium Atomic number 34 Stuff with colors Commentary	Stockholm—Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Johan Gottlieb Gahn
1823	Silicon Atomic number 14 Not a metal Metalloid Commentary	Stockholm—Jöns Jacob Berzelius
1825, 1827	Aluminium Atomic number 13 History of the name Commentary	Copenhagen, Berlin—Hans Christian Ørsted, Friedrich Wöhler
1825, 1826	Bromine Atomic number 35 Rare dyes Commentary	Heidelberg—Carl Jacob Löwig, Leopold Gmelin, Antoine Jérôme Balard
1829	Thorium Atomic number 90 Radioactive stuff Commentary	Stockholm—Morten Thrane Esmark, Jöns Jacob Berzelius
1839	Lanthanum Atomic number 57 Hidden stuff Commentary	Stockholm—Carl Gustaf Mosander
1843	Terbium Atomic number 65 Tweedledum and Tweedledee Commentary	Stockholm—Carl Gustaf Mosander
1843	Erbium Atomic number 68 Tweedledee and Tweedledum Commentary	Stockholm—Carl Gustaf Mosander
1844	Ruthenium Atomic number 44 Parker 51 Commentary	Kazan—Karl Ernst Claus
1860, 1882	Caesium Atomic number 55 Impermanence Commentary	Heidelberg—Robert Bunsen, Gustav Kirchhoff, Carl Setterberg
1861	Rubidium Atomic number 37 Pyrophoric stuff Commentary	Heidelberg—Robert Bunsen, Gustav Kirchhoff
1861 - 1862	Thallium Atomic number 81 My thallium Commentary	London, Lille—William Crookes, Claude-Auguste Lamy
1863	Indium Atomic number 49 Partners Commentary	Freiberg—Ferdinand Reich, Hieronymous Theodor Richter
1868 - 1895	Helium Atomic number 2 Noble Commentary	Guntur, West Hampstead—Pierre Janssen, Norman Lockyer, Luigi Palmieri, William Ramsay, Per Teodor Cleve, Nils Abraham Langlet
1869	Periodic table Filling the gaps Fact and ritual Elements Commentary	Dmitri Mendeleev
1875	Gallium Atomic number 31 Bizarre stuff Commentary	Paris—Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
1878, 1907	Ytterbium Atomic number 70 Exceedingly little Commentary	Geneva, Paris—Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, Georges Urbain
1878 - 1879	Holmium Atomic number 67 Stuff Commentary	Geneva, Uppsala—Marc Delafontaine, Jacques-Louis Soret, Per Teodor Cleve
1879	Thulium Atomic number 69 Stuff Commentary	Uppsala—Per Teodor Cleve
1879	Scandium Atomic number 21 Lewis acids Commentary	Uppsala—Lars Fredrik Nilson
1879	Samarium Atomic number 62 Doable stuff Commentary	Paris—Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
1880	Gadolinium Atomic number 64 You have no idea Commentary	Geneva—Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
1885	Praseodymium Atomic number 59 Into powder Commentary	Vienna—Carl Auer von Welsbach
1885	Neodymium Atomic number 60 Sci-fi Commentary	Vienna—Carl Auer von Welsbach
1886	Fluorine Atomic number 9 Unnatural stuff Commentary	Paris—Henri Moissan
1886	Dysprosium Atomic number 66 Hard to obtain Commentary	Paris—Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
1886	Germanium Atomic number 32 Angularium Properties Commentary	Freiberg—Clemens Winkler
1890 - 1901	Europium Atomic number 63 Anomaly Commentary	Paris—Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Eugène-Anatole Demarçay
1894	Argon Atomic number 18 Nobility Commentary	London—John William Strutt Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay
1898	Krypton Atomic number 36 Sounds mysterious Commentary	London—William Ramsay, Morris Travers
1898	Neon Atomic number 10 Neon signs Commentary	London—William Ramsay, Morris Travers
1898	Xenon Atomic number 54 Superhero Commentary	London—William Ramsay, Morris Travers
1898	Polonium Atomic number 84 Different isotopes for different folks Commentary	Paris—Marie Curie, Pierre Curie
1898	Radium Atomic number 88 Fun with science Commentary	Paris—Marie Curie, Pierre Curie
1899 - 1910	Radon Atomic number 86 Bad stuff Commentary	Paris, Montreal, Halle, London—Marie Curie, Pierre Curie, Robert Bowie Owens, Ernest Rutherford, Friedrich Ernst Dorn, André-Louis Debierne, William Ramsay, Robert Whytlaw-Gray
1899, 1902	Actinium Atomic number 89 Priority Commentary	Paris, Brunswick—André-Louis Debierne, Friedrich Oskar Giesel
1907	Lutetium Atomic number 71 Synchronicity Commentary	Paris, Vienna, Durham—Georges Urbain, Carl Auer von Welsbach, Charles James
1908, 1925	Rhenium Atomic number 75 Metals everywhere Commentary	London, Berlin—Masataka Ogawa, Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, Otto Berg
1913 - 1918	Protactinium Atomic number 91 Eating it Commentary	Karlsruhe, Glasgow, Berlin—Oswald Helmuth Göhring, Georg von Hevesy, John Arnold Cranston, Frederick Soddy, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner
1923	Hafnium Atomic number 72 Very bad science Commentary	Copenhagen—Dirk Coster, Georg von Hevesy
1937	Technetium Atomic number 43 Unstable stuff Commentary	Palermo—Emilio Segrè, Carlo Perrier
1939	Francium Atomic number 87 Unlucky 87 Commentary	Paris—Marguerite Perey
1940	Astatine Atomic number 85 Island of stability Commentary	Berkeley—Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, Emilio Segrè
1940	Neptunium Atomic number 93 Pandora’s stuff Commentary	Berkeley—Edwin McMillan, Philip Abelson
1940	Plutonium Atomic number 94 Manhattan Project P.U. Commentary	Berkeley—Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan
1944	Curium Atomic number 96 No curium Commentary	Berkeley, Chicago—Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Albert Ghiorso
1944	Americium Atomic number 95 Stuff in the home Commentary	Berkeley, Chicago—Glenn T. Seaborg, Leon O. Morgan, Ralph A. James, Albert Ghiorso
1945	Promethium Atomic number 61 No mineral contains promethium Daring and danger Commentary	Oak Ridge—Charles D. Coryell, Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin
1949	Berkelium Atomic number 97 Analogues Commentary	Berkeley—Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso, Stanley Gerald Thompson
1950	Californium Atomic number 98 Naming rights Commentary	Berkeley—Stanley Gerald Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg
1952	Einsteinium Atomic number 99 Et al. Commentary	Berkeley, Argonne, Los Alamos—Albert Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley, Argonne, and Los Alamos
1952	Fermium Atomic number 100 Secrecy Commentary	Berkeley, Argonne, Los Alamos—Albert Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley, Argonne, and Los Alamos
1955	Mendelevium Atomic number 101 Plenty Commentary	Berkeley—Albert Ghiorso, Bernard G. Harvey, Gregory R. Choppin, Stanley Gerald Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg
1958	Nobelium Atomic number 102 Heavy stuff Commentary	Dubna, Berkeley—Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, John R. Walton, Glenn T. Seaborg, E. D. Donets, V. A. Shchegolev, V. A. Ermakov
1961 - 1971	Lawrencium Atomic number 103 Tertiary effects Commentary	Berkeley, Dubna—Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, Almon Larsh, Robert M. Latimer, Georgy Flyorov, I. Zvara, G. M. Ter-Akopian, V. A. Shchegolev, V. L. Mikheev
1969	Rutherfordium Atomic number 104 Shining Commentary	Berkeley—Albert Ghiorso, Matti Nurmia, James Andrew Harris, Kari Eskola, Pirkko Eskola
1970	Dubnium Atomic number 105 Pattern Commentary	Dubna, Berkeley—Georgy Flyorov, V. A. Druin, A. G. Demin, Yu. V. Lobanov, Nikolai Konstantinovich Skobelev, G. N. Akap’ev, B. V. Fefilov, I. V. Kolesov, K. A. Gavrilov, Yu. P. Kharitonov, L. P. Chelnokov, Albert Ghiorso, Matti Nurmia, James Andrew Harris, Kari Eskola, Pirkko Eskola
1974	Seaborgium Atomic number 106 Unnilhexium Commentary	Berkeley—Albert Ghiorso, Joachim Michael Nitschke, José R. Alonso, Carol T. Alonso, Matti Nurmia, Glenn T. Seaborg, E. Kenneth Hulet, Ronald W. Lougheed
1981	Bohrium Atomic number 107 Reef of stability Commentary	Darmstadt—Gottfried Münzenberg, Peter Armbruster, Sigurd Hofmann, Fritz Peter Heßberger, Willibrord Reisdorf, Karl-Heinz Schmidt, J. R. H. Schneider, W. F. W. Schneider, Christoph-Clemens Sahm, B. Thuma
1982	Meitnerium Atomic number 109 Hypothetical metal Commentary	Darmstadt—Gottfried Münzenberg, Peter Armbruster, Sigurd Hofmann, Fritz Peter Heßberger, Klaus Poppensieker, Willibrord Reisdorf, Karl-Heinz Schmidt, K. Schneider, Christoph-Clemens Sahm, Detlef Vermeulen
1984	Hassium Atomic number 108 The parable of the amateur prospector Commentary	Darmstadt—Gottfried Münzenberg, Peter Armbruster, H. Folger, Sigurd Hofmann, Fritz Peter Heßberger, J. Keller, Klaus Poppensieker, Willibrord Reisdorf, Karl-Heinz Schmidt, H.-J. Schött, Matti Leino, R. Hingmann
1994	Darmstadtium Atomic number 110 No standard weight Commentary	Darmstadt—Sigurd Hofmann, Gottfried Münzenberg, Peter Armbruster, H. Folger, Fritz Peter Heßberger, H. J. Schött, Victor Ninov
1994	Roentgenium Atomic number 111 In the future Commentary	Darmstadt—Sigurd Hofmann, Victor Ninov, Fritz Peter Heßberger, Peter Armbruster, H. Folger, Gottfried Münzenberg, H. J. Schött
1996	Copernicium Atomic number 112 Impractical uses Commentary	Darmstadt—Sigurd Hofmann, Victor Ninov, Fritz Peter Heßberger, Peter Armbruster, H. Folger, Gottfried Münzenberg, H. J. Schött
1999 - 2007	Flerovium Atomic number 114 Unconfirmed stuff Commentary	Dubna— Yuri Oganessian, Alexander Vladimirovich Yeremin, Andre Georgievich Popeko, Sergey L. Bogomolov, German Vladimirovich Buklanov, M. L. Chelnokov, Victor Ivanovich Chepigin, Boris N. Gikal, Vladimir A. Gorshkov, Georgy G. Gulbekian, Michael Grigorievich Itkis, Anatoly Petrovich Kabachenko, Anton Yurievich Lavrentiev, Oleg Nikolaevich Malyshev, Jozef Rohach, Roman Nikolaevich Sagaidak, Sigurd Hofmann, S. Saro, G. Giardina, Kōsuke Morita
2000	Livermorium Atomic number 116 Irritativistic effects Commentary	Dubna—Yuri Oganessian, V. K. Utyonkov, Yu. V. Lobanov, F. Sh. Abdullin, A. N. Polyakov, I. V. Shirokovsky, Yu. S. Tsyganov, G. G. Gulbekian, Sergey L. Bogomolov, B. N. Gikal, A. N. Mezentsev, S. Iliev, V. G. Subbotin, A. M. Sukhov, O. V. Ivanov, G. V. Buklanov, K. Subotic, Michael Grigorievich Itkis, Ken J. Moody, John F. Wild, Nancy J. Stoyer, Mark A. Stoyer, Ronald W. Lougheed, C. A. Laue, Ye. A. Karelin, A. N. Tatarinov
2004	Moscovium Atomic number 115 Unidentified effects Commentary	Dubna—Yuri Oganessian, V. K. Utyonkoy, Yu. V. Lobanov, F. Sh. Abdullin, A. N. Polyakov, I. V. Shirokovsky, Yu. S. Tsyganov, G. G. Gulbekian, Sergey L. Bogomolov, A. N. Mezentsev, S. Iliev, V. G. Subbotin, A. M. Sukhov, A. A. Voinov, G. V. Buklanov, K. Subotic, V. I. Zagrebaev, Michael Grigorievich Itkis, Joshua B. Patin, Ken J. Moody, John F. Wild, Mark A. Stoyer, Nancy J. Stoyer, Dawn A. Shaughnessy, Jacqueline M. Kenneally, Ronald W. Lougheed
2006	Oganesson Atomic number 118 An end Commentary	Dubna—Yuri Oganessian, V. K. Utyonkov, Yu. V. Lobanov, F. Sh. Abdullin, A. N. Polyakov, I. V. Shirokovsky, Yu. S. Tsyganov, A. N. Mezentsev, S. Iliev, V. G. Subbotin, A. M. Sukhov, O. V. Ivanov, A. A. Voinov, K. Subotic, V. I. Zagrebaev, Michael Grigorievich Itkis, Ken J. Moody, John F. Wild, Mark A. Stoyer, Nancy J. Stoyer, C. A. Laue, Dawn A. Shaughnessy, Joshua B. Patin, Ronald W. Lougheed
2009	Tennessine Atomic number 117 Further work Commentary	Dubna—Yuri Oganessian, F. Sh. Abdullin, P. D. Bailey, D. E. Benker, M. E. Bennett, S. N. Dmitriev, J. G. Ezold, Joseph H. Hamilton, R. A. Henderson, Michael Grigorievich Itkis, Yu. V. Lobanov, A. N. Mezentsev, Ken J. Moody, S. L. Nelson, A. N. Polyakov, C. E. Porter, A. V. Ramayya, F. D. Riley, James B. Roberto, M. A. Ryabinin, K. P. Rykaczewski, R. N. Sagaidak, Dawn A. Shaughnessy, I. V. Shirokovsky, Mark A. Stoyer, V. G. Subbotin, R. Sudowe, A. M. Sukhov, Yu. S. Tsyganov, V. K. Utyonkov, A. A. Voinov, G. K. Vostokin, P. A. Wilk
2012	Nihonium Atomic number 113 Radioactivity of the rising sun Commentary	Wako—Kōsuke Morita, Kouji Morimoto, Daiya Kaji, Takahiro Akiyama, Shin-ichi Goto, Hiromitsu Haba, Eiji Ideguchi, Kenji Katori, Hiriyuki Koura, Hidetoshi Kikunaga, Hisaaki Kudo, Testuya Ohnishi, Akira Ozawa, Nozomi Sato, Toshimi Suda, Keisuke Sueki, Fuyuki Tokanai, Takayuki Yamaguchi, Akira Yoneda, Atsushi Yoshida

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Elements by atomic number

The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.

Atomic number	Element	Date	Location
1	Hydrogen	1784	London—Henry Cavendish
2	Helium	1868 - 1895	Guntur, West Hampstead—Pierre Janssen, Norman Lockyer, Luigi Palmieri, William Ramsay, Per Teodor Cleve, Nils Abraham Langlet
3	Lithium	1817, 1821	Stockholm, London—Johan August Arfwedson, William Thomas Brande
4	Beryllium	1798, 1828	Paris, Berlin—Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, Friedrich Wöhler, Antoine Bussy
5	Boron	1808	London, Paris—Humphry Davy, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, Louis Jacques Thénard
6	Carbon	4000 BCE	China, India, Egypt, Sumeria
7	Nitrogen	1772	Edinburgh—Daniel Rutherford
8	Oxygen	1774	Uppsala, London, Paris—Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier
9	Fluorine	1886	Paris—Henri Moissan
10	Neon	1898	London—William Ramsay, Morris Travers
11	Sodium	1807	London—Humphry Davy
12	Magnesium	1755	Glasgow, London—Joseph Black, Humphry Davy
13	Aluminium	1825, 1827	Copenhagen, Berlin—Hans Christian Ørsted, Friedrich Wöhler
14	Silicon	1823	Stockholm—Jöns Jacob Berzelius
15	Phosphorus	1669	Hamburg—Hennig Brand
16	Sulfur	2000 BCE	China, India
17	Chlorine	1810	Uppsala, London—Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Humphry Davy
18	Argon	1894	London—John William Strutt Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay
19	Potassium	1807	London—Humphry Davy
20	Calcium	1808	London—Humphry Davy
21	Scandium	1879	Uppsala—Lars Fredrik Nilson
22	Titanium	1791 - 1910	Creed, Berlin, Stockholm, Troy—William Gregor, Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Matthew Hunter
23	Vanadium	1803, 1830, 1867	Mexico City, Stockholm, Manchester—Andrés Manuel del Río, Nils Gabriel Sefström, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Henry Enfield Roscoe
24	Chromium	1797	Paris—Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
25	Manganese	1770 - 1774	Uppsala, Falun—Torbern Bergman, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Johan Gottlieb Gahn
26	Iron	3200 BCE	Gerzeh
27	Cobalt	1735	Stockholm—Georg Brandt
28	Nickel	1751	Los—Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
29	Copper	8700 BCE	Middle East
30	Zinc	1000 BCE	Judea, India, Nagarjuna
31	Gallium	1875	Paris—Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
32	Germanium	1886	Freiberg—Clemens Winkler
33	Arsenic	2500 BCE	Near East
34	Selenium	1817	Stockholm—Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Johan Gottlieb Gahn
35	Bromine	1825, 1826	Heidelberg—Carl Jacob Löwig, Leopold Gmelin, Antoine Jérôme Balard
36	Krypton	1898	London—William Ramsay, Morris Travers
37	Rubidium	1861	Heidelberg—Robert Bunsen, Gustav Kirchhoff
38	Strontium	1790, 1808	London—Adair Crawford, William Cruikshank, Humphry Davy
39	Yttrium	1794 - 1843	Åbo, Stockholm—Johan Gadolin, Carl Gustaf Mosander
40	Zirconium	1789, 1824	Berlin, Stockholm—Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jacob Berzelius
41	Niobium	1801	London—Charles Hatchett
42	Molybdenum	1778, 1781	Uppsala—Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Peter Jacob Hjelm
43	Technetium	1937	Palermo—Emilio Segrè, Carlo Perrier
44	Ruthenium	1844	Kazan—Karl Ernst Claus
45	Rhodium	1804	London—William Hyde Wollaston
46	Palladium	1804	London—William Hyde Wollaston
47	Silver	4000 BCE	Asia Minor
48	Cadmium	1817	Göttingen—Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann, Friedrich Stromeyer, Johann Christoff Heinrich Roloff
49	Indium	1863	Freiberg—Ferdinand Reich, Hieronymous Theodor Richter
50	Tin	3000 BCE	Mesopotamia, Balkans
51	Antimony	3100 BCE	Egypt
52	Tellurium	1782	Transylvania—Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein, Martin Heinrich Klaproth
53	Iodine	1811	Dijon—Bernard Courtois
54	Xenon	1898	London—William Ramsay, Morris Travers
55	Caesium	1860, 1882	Heidelberg—Robert Bunsen, Gustav Kirchhoff, Carl Setterberg
56	Barium	1774, 1808	Uppsala, London—Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Humphry Davy
57	Lanthanum	1839	Stockholm—Carl Gustaf Mosander
58	Cerium	1803, 1839	Berlin, Bastnäs, Stockholm—Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger, Carl Gustaf Mosander
59	Praseodymium	1885	Vienna—Carl Auer von Welsbach
60	Neodymium	1885	Vienna—Carl Auer von Welsbach
61	Promethium	1945	Oak Ridge—Charles D. Coryell, Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin
62	Samarium	1879	Paris—Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
63	Europium	1890 - 1901	Paris—Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Eugène-Anatole Demarçay
64	Gadolinium	1880	Geneva—Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
65	Terbium	1843	Stockholm—Carl Gustaf Mosander
66	Dysprosium	1886	Paris—Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
67	Holmium	1878 - 1879	Geneva, Uppsala—Marc Delafontaine, Per Teodor Cleve
68	Erbium	1843	Stockholm—Carl Gustaf Mosander
69	Thulium	1879	Uppsala—Per Teodor Cleve
70	Ytterbium	1878, 1907	Geneva, Paris—Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, Georges Urbain
71	Lutetium	1907	Paris, Vienna, Durham—Georges Urbain, Carl Auer von Welsbach, Charles James
72	Hafnium	1923	Copenhagen—Dirk Coster, Georg von Hevesy
73	Tantalum	1802	Uppsala—Anders Gustaf Ekeberg
74	Tungsten	1781, 1783	Uppsala, Bergara—Torbern Bergman, Juan José Elhuyar, Fausto Elhuyar
75	Rhenium	1908, 1925	London, Berlin—Masataka Ogawa, Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, Otto Berg
76	Osmium	1804	London—Smithson Tennant
77	Iridium	1804	London—Smithson Tennant
78	Platinum	1750	London—Antonio de Ulloa, Charles Wood, William Brownrigg, William Hyde Wollaston, Smithson Tennant
79	Gold	4600 BCE	Varna Necropolis
80	Mercury	2000 - 1500 BCE	China, India, Egypt
81	Thallium	1861 - 1862	London, Lille—William Crookes, Claude-Auguste Lamy
82	Lead	6400 BCE	Çatalhöyük
83	Bismuth	1000 BCE	Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, France—Paracelsus, Georgius Agricola, Claude François Geoffroy
84	Polonium	1898	Paris—Marie Curie, Pierre Curie
85	Astatine	1940	Berkeley—Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, Emilio Segrè
86	Radon	1899 - 1910	Paris, Montreal, Halle, London—Marie Curie, Pierre Curie, Robert Bowie Owens, Ernest Rutherford, Friedrich Ernst Dorn, André-Louis Debierne, William Ramsay, Robert Whytlaw-Gray
87	Francium	1939	Paris—Marguerite Perey
88	Radium	1898	Paris—Marie Curie, Pierre Curie
89	Actinium	1899, 1902	Paris, Brunswick—André-Louis Debierne, Friedrich Oskar Giesel
90	Thorium	1829	Stockholm—Morten Thrane Esmark, Jöns Jacob Berzelius
91	Protactinium	1913 - 1918	Karlsruhe, Glasgow, Berlin—Oswald Helmuth Göhring, Georg von Hevesy, John Arnold Cranston, Frederick Soddy, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner
92	Uranium	1789, 1841	Berlin, Paris—Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Eugène-Melchoir Péligot
93	Neptunium	1940	Berkeley—Edwin McMillan, Philip Abelson
94	Plutonium	1940	Berkeley—Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan
95	Americium	1944	Berkeley, Chicago—Glenn T. Seaborg, Leon O. Morgan, Ralph A. James, Albert Ghiorso
96	Curium	1944	Berkeley, Chicago—Ralph A. James
97	Berkelium	1949	Berkeley—Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso, Stanley Gerald Thompson
98	Californium	1950	Berkeley—Stanley Gerald Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg
99	Einsteinium	1952	Berkeley, Argonne, Los Alamos—Albert Ghiorso and co-workers
100	Fermium	1952	Berkeley, Argonne, Los Alamos—Albert Ghiorso and co-workers
101	Mendelevium	1955	Berkeley—Albert Ghiorso, Bernard G. Harvey, Gregory R. Choppin, Stanley Gerald Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg
102	Nobelium	1958	Berkeley, Dubna—Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, John R. Walton, Glenn T. Seaborg, E. D. Donets, V. A. Shchegolev, V. A. Ermakov
103	Lawrencium	1961 - 1971	Berkeley, Dubna—Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, Almon Larsh, Robert M. Latimer, Georgy Flyorov, I. Zvara, G. M. Ter-Akopian, V. A. Shchegolev, V. L. Mikheev
104	Rutherfordium	1969	Berkeley—Albert Ghiorso, Matti Nurmia, James Andrew Harris, Kari Eskola, Pirkko Eskola
105	Dubnium	1970	Dubna, Berkeley—Georgy Flyorov, V. A. Druin, A. G. Demin, Yu. V. Lobanov, Nikolai Konstantinovich Skobelev, G. N. Akap’ev, B. V. Fefilov, I. V. Kolesov, K. A. Gavrilov, Yu. P. Kharitonov, L. P. Chelnokov, Albert Ghiorso, Matti Nurmia, James Andrew Harris, Kari Eskola, Pirkko Eskola
106	Seaborgium	1974	Berkeley—Albert Ghiorso, Joachim Michael Nitschke, José R. Alonso, Carol T. Alonso, Matti Nurmia, Glenn T. Seaborg, E. Kenneth Hulet, Ronald W. Lougheed>
107	Bohrium	1981	Darmstadt—Gottfried Münzenberg, Peter Armbruster, Sigurd Hofmann, Fritz Peter Heßberger, Willibrord Reisdorf, Karl-Heinz Schmidt, J. R. H. Schneider, W. F. W. Schneider, Christoph-Clemens Sahm, B. Thuma
108	Hassium	1984	Darmstadt—Gottfried Münzenberg, Peter Armbruster, H. Folger, Sigurd Hofmann, Fritz Peter Heßberger, J. Keller, Klaus Poppensieker, Willibrord Reisdorf, Karl-Heinz Schmidt, H.-J. Schött, Matti Leino, R. Hingmann
109	Meitnerium	1982	Darmstadt—Gottfried Münzenberg, Peter Armbruster, Sigurd Hofmann, Fritz Peter Heßberger, Klaus Poppensieker, Willibrord Reisdorf, Karl-Heinz Schmidt, K. Schneider, Christoph-Clemens Sahm, Detlef Vermeulen
110	Darmstadtium	1994	Darmstadt—Sigurd Hofmann, Gottfried Münzenberg, Peter Armbruster, H. Folger, Fritz Peter Heßberger, H. J. Schött, Victor Ninov
111	Roentgenium	1994	Darmstadt—Sigurd Hofmann, Victor Ninov, Fritz Peter Heßberger, Peter Armbruster, H. Folger, Gottfried Münzenberg, H. J. Schött
112	Copernicium	1996	Darmstadt—Sigurd Hofmann, Victor Ninov, Fritz Peter Heßberger, Peter Armbruster, H. Folger, Gottfried Münzenberg, H. J. Schött
113	Nihonium	2012	Wako—Kōsuke Morita, Kouji Morimoto, Daiya Kaji, Takahiro Akiyama, Shin-ichi Goto, Hiromitsu Haba, Eiji Ideguchi, Kenji Katori, Hiriyuki Koura, Hidetoshi Kikunaga, Hisaaki Kudo, Testuya Ohnishi, Akira Ozawa, Nozomi Sato, Toshimi Suda, Keisuke Sueki, Fuyuki Tokanai, Takayuki Yamaguchi, Akira Yoneda, Atsushi Yoshida
114	Flerovium	1999 - 2007	Dubna—Yuri Oganessian, Alexander Vladimirovich Yeremin, Andre Georgievich Popeko, Sergey L. Bogomolov, German Vladimirovich Buklanov, M. L. Chelnokov, Victor Ivanovich Chepigin, Boris N. Gikal, Vladimir A. Gorshkov, Georgy G. Gulbekian, Michael Grigorievich Itkis, Anatoly Petrovich Kabachenko, Anton Yurievich Lavrentiev, Oleg Nikolaevich Malyshev, Jozef Rohach, Roman Nikolaevich Sagaidak, Sigurd Hofmann, S. Saro, G. Giardina, Kōsuke Morita
115	Moscovium	2004	Dubna—Yuri Oganessian, V. K. Utyonkoy, Yu. V. Lobanov, F. Sh. Abdullin, A. N. Polyakov, I. V. Shirokovsky, Yu. S. Tsyganov, G. G. Gulbekian, Sergey L. Bogomolov, A. N. Mezentsev, S. Iliev, V. G. Subbotin, A. M. Sukhov, A. A. Voinov, G. V. Buklanov, K. Subotic, V. I. Zagrebaev, Michael Grigorievich Itkis, Joshua B. Patin, Ken J. Moody, John F. Wild, Mark A. Stoyer, Nancy J. Stoyer, Dawn A. Shaughnessy, Jacqueline M. Kenneally, Ronald W. Lougheed
116	Livermorium	2000	Dubna—Yuri Oganessian, V. K. Utyonkov, Yu. V. Lobanov, F. Sh. Abdullin, A. N. Polyakov, I. V. Shirokovsky, Yu. S. Tsyganov, G. G. Gulbekian, Sergey L. Bogomolov, B. N. Gikal, A. N. Mezentsev, S. Iliev, V. G. Subbotin, A. M. Sukhov, O. V. Ivanov, G. V. Buklanov, K. Subotic, Michael Grigorievich Itkis, Ken J. Moody, John F. Wild, Nancy J. Stoyer, Mark A. Stoyer, Ronald W. Lougheed, C. A. Laue, Ye. A. Karelin, A. N. Tatarinov
117	Tennessine	2009	Dubna—Yuri Oganessian, F. Sh. Abdullin, P. D. Bailey, D. E. Benker, M. E. Bennett, S. N. Dmitriev, J. G. Ezold, Joseph H. Hamilton, R. A. Henderson, Michael Grigorievich Itkis, Yu. V. Lobanov, A. N. Mezentsev, Ken J. Moody, S. L. Nelson, A. N. Polyakov, C. E. Porter, A. V. Ramayya, F. D. Riley, James B. Roberto, M. A. Ryabinin, K. P. Rykaczewski, R. N. Sagaidak, Dawn A. Shaughnessy, I. V. Shirokovsky, Mark A. Stoyer, V. G. Subbotin, R. Sudowe, A. M. Sukhov, Yu. S. Tsyganov, V. K. Utyonkov, A. A. Voinov, G. K. Vostokin, P. A. Wilk
118	Oganesson	2006	Dubna—Yuri Oganessian, V. K. Utyonkov, Yu. V. Lobanov, F. Sh. Abdullin, A. N. Polyakov, I. V. Shirokovsky, Yu. S. Tsyganov, A. N. Mezentsev, S. Iliev, V. G. Subbotin, A. M. Sukhov, O. V. Ivanov, A. A. Voinov, K. Subotic, V. I. Zagrebaev, Michael Grigorievich Itkis, Ken J. Moody, John F. Wild, Mark A. Stoyer, Nancy J. Stoyer, C. A. Laue, Dawn A. Shaughnessy, Joshua B. Patin, Ronald W. Lougheed

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