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Chronological index of poems and commentaries
- 99,000 BCE, 8700 BCE, 6400 BCE, 4600 BCE, 4400 BCE, 4000 BCE, 3200 BCE, 3100 BCE, 3000 BCE, 2500 BCE, 2400 BCE, 2000 BCE, 1000 BCE, 495 BCE, 320 BCE, 300 BCE, 260 BCE, 240 BCE, 130 BCE, 110 BCE, 70, 140, 180, 620, 980, 1020, 1200, 1410, 1480, 1490, 1530, 1540, 1560, 1570, 1600, 1610, 1620, 1630, 1640, 1650, 1660, 1670, 1680, 1690, 1700, 1720, 1730, 1740, 1750, 1760, 1770, 1780, 1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010

Chronological index of poems and commentaries

Year	Poems and Commentary	Scientists
99,000-13,000 BCE	Pigment Cultures Pigmented Commentary	Palaeolithic people archaeology
8700 BCE	Copper Atomic number 29 Copperness Commentary	Middle East elements
6400 BCE	Lead Atomic number 82 Lead poisoning Commentary	Çatalhöyük elements
4600 BCE	Gold Atomic number 79 Electrum Commentary	Varna Necropolis elements
4400-3100 BCE	Cosmetic pigment Cosmetics with pigments Natural canvas Commentary	Prehistoric Egypt archaeology
4000 BCE	Silver Atomic number 47 Stuff that tarnishes Commentary	Asia Minor elements
4000 BCE	Carbon Atomic number 6 Forms of carbon Commentary	China, India, Egypt, Sumeria elements
3200 BCE	Iron Atomic number 26 Stuff that rusts Commentary	Gerzeh elements
3100 BCE	Antimony Atomic number 51 The lost art Commentary	Egypt elements
3000 BCE	Tin Atomic number 50 Tin mistakes Commentary	Mesopotamia, Balkans elements
2782 BCE	Egyptian calendar Drifting from a time Flooding of the Nile Commentary	Old Kingdom of Egypt astronomy
2648 BCE	Step pyramid Imhotep, the myth Replica Commentary	Imhotep architecture
2637 BCE	Chinese calendar Celestial stems and terrestrial branches God, myth, man Commentary	Huangdi astronomy
2500 BCE	Arsenic Atomic number 33 Poison Commentary	Near East elements
2400 BCE—1820 CE	Computing devices Suanpan Antikythera mechanism Napier’s bones Slide rule Some tasks Commentary	Jabir ibn Aflah, Al-Biruni, Ismail al-Jazari, Jamshīd al-Kāshī, Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī, Apollonius of Perga, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Liang Lingzan, Samuel Morland, John Napier, Willgodt Theophil Odhner, William Oughtred, Blaise Pascal, Giovanni Poleni, Yi Xing mechanics
2000 BCE	Sulfur Atomic number 16 Ode to allicin Commentary	China, India elements
2000-1500 BCE	Mercury Atomic number 80 Liquids Commentary	China, India, Egypt elements
1000 BCE	Zinc Atomic number 30 Anhedonia Commentary	Judea, India, Nagarjuna elements
1000 BCE	Bismuth Atomic number 83 Too soon Work in progress Commentary	Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, France elements
546 BCE	Thales’ theorem Dante’s theorem Thales’ ideal Commentary	Thales of Miletus geometry
546 BCE	Triboelectric effect Sparks The soul of amber Commentary	Thales of Miletus electromagnetism
495 BCE	Proof of the Pythagorean theorem Thales’ theorem Irrational triples Commentary	Pythagoras geometry
5th century BCE	Kite The story of kites Love Success with kites Commentary	Mozi, Lu Ban aerodynamics
400 BCE	Medicine Sayings Tradition Commentary	Hippocrates medicine
335 BCE	Science Aristotelianism On the heavens Poetics The four causes Elements Commentary	Aristotle philosophy of science
320 BCE	Botany Enquiry into Plants Edible plants Commentary	Theophrastus botany
300 BCE	Geometry Mastering Magnitudes Elements Commentary	Euclid geometry
260 BCE	Mechanical advantage Eureka Archimedes’ inventions The new Commentary	Archimedes mechanics
240 BCE	Geodesy Geography Measuring Commentary	Eratosthenes geodesy cartography
206 BCE	Compass Spoons, tadpoles Methods Geomancy Commentary	Chinese, Han dynasty electromagnetism
134 BCE	Astronomy Heritage Predictive astrology Commentary	Hipparchus astronomy
118 BCE - 1953	Cipher Decoder ring Alice, Bob, and Eve Commentary	Polybius, Julius Caesar, Giovan Battista Bellaso, Antoine and Bonaventure Rossignol, Charles Wheatstone, Frank Miller, Felix Delastelle, Fritz Nebel, Lester S. Hill, John F. Byrne cryptography
46 BCE	Julian calendar Intercalaries Local variations Calends, nundinae, and ides Commentary	Julius Caesar astronomy
70	Windmill Wonders Free wind Commentary	Hero of Alexandria (Heron) mechanics
70	Traditional medicine Remedies Good advice Commentary	Pedanius Dioscorides medicine
105	Paper The magic of paper Paper moon Commentary	Cai Lun manufacturing
140	Geocentrism Ptolemys Disorder Commentary	Claudius Ptolemy astronomy
180	Medical research Humorism The method Commentary	Galen medicine
200	Woodblock printing Color printing How to paint Provinance Commentary	Chinese, Han dynasty manufacturing
285	Diophantine equation Pell hadn’t solved it Unknowns Commentary	Diophantus mathematics
359	Hebrew calendar Interesting aspects Inaccuracies Commentary	Hillel II, Maimonides astronomy
628	Zero Zeros Something Nothing Commentary	Brahmagupta mathematics
820	Algebra Operations Variable unknown Commentary	Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī mathematics
9th century	Gunpowder Devices Mortality State secrets Commentary	Chinese, Tang Dynasty chemistry
10th century	Rocket Spreading fire Like rockets Commentary	Chinese, Tang dynasty manufacturing
984,1602,1621,1637	Snell’s law Snell’s window Law of refraction Commentary	Ibn Sahl, Thomas Harriot, Willebrord Snellius, René Descartes optics
1025	Optics Camera obscura Optical lessons Commentary	Alhazen (Abū-‘Alī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥaytham) optics
1025	The Canon of Medicine Experimental medicine Canon Commentary	Avicenna (Ibn-Sīnā) medicine
1040	Movable-type printing Imprints First edition Commentary	Bi Sheng manufacturing
1050	Maya calendar Lords of the night Counting and naming Commentary	Mayan astronomy
1202	Number system Exchange Fibonacci sequence Commentary	Leonardo Pisano Bigollo (Fibonacci) mathematics
1413-1420	Perspective Other perspectives Perspectives Commentary	Filippo Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti, Piero della Francesca optics
1450,1481	Hygrometer Hygrometer designs Water witching Commentary	Nicolaus de Cusa, Leonardo da Vinci atmospheric sciences
1485	Parachute Parachutes for war Free fall Precaution Commentary	Leonardo da Vinci aerodynamics
1499	Steganography Early forms of hidden writing As for why Commentary	Johannes Trithemius cryptography
1538	Toxicology Difficult man Some toxins Commentary	Paracelsus toxicology
1542	Nonius Nonius arcs Nonius riffs Commentary	Pedro Nunes metrology astronomy
1543	Heliocentrism Consistency Without a center Commentary	Nicolaus Copernicus astronomy
1543	Human anatomy Bones Freaks Commentary	Andreas Vesalius anatomy
1565	Fossils Tongue stones Remnants and traces Commentary	Conrad Gessner paleontology
1569	Mercator projection Projections Loxodromes Commentary	Gerardus Mercator cartography
1572	Supernova Science in his day In our day Commentary	Tycho Brahe astronomy
1590-1608	Microscope and telescope Optical refracting Telescoping history Refracting Commentary	Zacharias Janssen, Hans Lippershey, Jacob Metius, Cornelis Drebbel optics
1600	Magnetism Experimental method Action at a distance Commentary	William Gilbert electromagnetism
1605	Bacon’s cipher Bacon’s codes Baconian theories Commentary	Francis Bacon cryptography
1609	Planetary orbits Teachings Foolish bird Commentary	Johannes Kepler astronomy
1610	Observational astronomy Verifiable What one cannot see Commentary	Galileo Galilei astronomy
1614	Logarithm Proportional numbers Analogs Commentary	John Napier mathematics
1614	Metabolism Making one thing out of another Dieting Commentary	Santorio Santorio metabolism
1620	Scientific method Novum Organum Scientiarum Shoulders of giants Not enough Commentary	Francis Bacon philosophy of science
1620	Submarine Submarine principles Another element Commentary	Cornelis Drebbel mechanics
1628	Circulation of the blood Too small to see De Motu Cordis Commentary	William Harvey anatomy
1631	Vernier scale Vernier acuity Training a straw man Commentary	Pierre Vernier metrology
1635	Magnetic declination True north Polar drift Grivation Commentary	Henry Gellibrand geophysics
1637	Cartesian coordinates Analytic geometry Handedness Commentary	René Descartes geometry
1637	Mersenne’s laws Acoustics Noise-to-signal ratio Commentary	Pythagoras, Vincenzo Galilei, Marin Mersenne acoustics
1638	Kinematics Disregarding authority Falling Commentary	Galileo Galilei kinematics
1638	Micrometer Measuring comets Measuring Commentary	William Gascoigne metrology
1639	Transit of Venus Black drop effect Conjunctions Commentary	Jeremiah Horrocks astronomy
1643	Atmospheric pressure Perspective Perfectly good logic Commentary	Evangelista Torricelli, Blaise Pascal atmospheric sciences
1644-1869	Infographics The graphic language Coxcombs Commentary	William Playfair, Florence Nightingale, Charles Joseph Minard demography
1647-1678	Philosophical language Philosophical hypothesis Philosophical questions Commentary	Francis Lodwick, Thomas Urquhart, George Dalgarno, Thomas Wilkins, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz linguistics
1654	Probability theory Odds Betting Commentary	Blaise Pascal, Pierre de Fermat probability
1656	Rings of Saturn Rings Orbital resonances Commentary	Christiaan Huygens, James Clerk Maxwell astronomy
1656	Infinite and infinitesimal Infinity symbol Negative numbers Commentary	John Wallis mathematics
1657	Pendulum clock Isochronism The tautochrone problem Escapements Pendulum and pendula Commentary	Christiaan Huygens horology
1661	Chymistry Alchemy Commentary	Robert Boyle chemistry
1661	Air pollution Fumifugium That’s not it Commentary	John Evelyn atmospheric sciences
1662	Boyle’s law Atomic kinetic thermodynamics Ideal gases Commentary	Richard Towneley, Henry Power, Robert Boyle chemistry
1662	Fermat’s principle A modern explanation Assumptions Commentary	Pierre de Fermat optics
1665-1831	Cell Units of life Meditation on purpose Commentary	Robert Hooke, Antonie van Leeuwenhock, Robert Brown cell biology
1666	Theory of color Colors Reflecting telescope Chromatic aberration Commentary	Isaac Newton optics
1668	Parasites Parasitism The good host Commentary	Francesco Redi parasitology
1668,1799	Metric system Eighths Units Conversion Metric prefixing Commentary	John Wilkins (and the French Revolution) metrology
1668,1669	Fundamental theorem of calculus Derivative and integral Limits Commentary	James Gregory, Isaac Barrow mathematics
1669	Stratigraphy Principles Time and logic Commentary	Nicolas Steno stratigraphy
1669	Epigenesis Genesis Ephemeri Commentary	Jan Swammerdam entomology
1669	Birefringence Iceland spar Double vision Commentary	Rasmus Bartholin optics
1669	Phosphorus Atomic number 15 Stuff that glows Commentary	Hamburg—Hennig Brand elements
1670,1886	Palynology Fossil palynology Politics Commentary	Nehemiah Grew, Robert Kidston palynology
1671	Planetary distances The astronomical unit Astrology Commentary	Giovanni Domenico Cassini astronomy
1671	Surveying the earth Originals Instruments Commentary	Jean Picard geodesy
1671	Gravimetry Earth’s shape Deviations Commentary	Jean Richer geodesy
1671,1684	Calculus Foundations Convergence Steps Commentary	Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz mathematics
1672,1742,1852	Magnus effect Flettner rotor Aft Commentary	Isaac Newton, Benjamin Robins, Heinrich Gustav Magnus aerodynamics
1673	Microorganisms Lenses Sense of scale Commentary	Robert Hooke, Antonie van Leeuwenhock biology
1676	Speed of light Historical speeds In a vacuum Commentary	Ole Rømer electromagnetism
1678	Hooke’s law Hooke’s interests The balance spring Commentary	Robert Hooke horology
1678,1816	Huygens–Fresnel principle Arago spot Geometry of corpuscles Commentary	Christiaan Huygens, Augustin-Jean Fresnel optics
1678-1876	Internal combustion engine Huygens’ engine De Rivaz engine Pyréolophore Brown’s gas vacuum engine In-cylinder compression Barsanti-Matteucci engine Hippomobile and the Lenoir gas engine Four-stroke engine Gasoline engine ICEd Commentary	Jean de Hautefeuille, Christiaan Huygens, Denis Papin, François Isaac de Rivaz, Nicéphore Niépce, Claude Niépce, Samuel Brown, William Barnett, Eugenio Barsanti, Felice Matteucci, Étienne Lenoir, Alphonse Beau de Rochas, Nikolaus Otto, Eugen Langen thermodynamics
1679	Binary number Yin & yang Location arithmetic Cipher Commentary	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz mathematics
1679	Pressure cooker, safety valve Related technology Relief Commentary	Denis Papin pneumatics
1682	Memory Theories of memory Life in memory Commentary	Robert Hooke psychology
1683	Euler’s number Transcendental constant Approximation Commentary	Jacob Bernoulli, Leonhard Euler mathematics
1684	Fingerprint Dactyloscopy Loop, whorl, and arch Commentary	Nehemiah Grew biometrics
1687	Principia Mathematica Mathematical modeling Universal gravitation Commentary	Isaac Newton mathematics
1694	Plant sexuality Male and female Messy sex A priori Commentary	Rudolf Jakob Camerarius botany
1699	Tribology Tribological experiments Waste Commentary	Leonardo da Vinci, Guillaume Amontons physics
1701	Newton scale Lessons of alchemy Multiple instruments Commentary	Isaac Newton thermometry
1701	Rømer scale Previous thermometers To each his own Commentary	Ole Rømer thermometry
1705	Halley’s comet Apparitions Perturbations Commentary	Edmond Halley astronomy
1705,1894	Gas-discharge lamp Plasma lamp Did he Gas discharges Commentary	Francis Hauksbee, Nikola Tesla physics
1706	Prussian blue Synthetic blues Shades of Prussian blue Spiritual blue Commentary	Johann Jacob Diesbach chemistry
1724	Fahrenheit scale Frigorific mixture Recalibration Commentary	Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit thermometry
1729	Aberration of light It’s not where it seems Aberration of sight Commentary	James Bradley electromagnetism
1730	Réaumur scale Shortcomings Imitators Commentary	René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur thermometry
1732	Delisle scale Backwards Delisle scale3 Commentary	Joseph-Nicolas Delisle thermometry
1735	Cobalt Atomic number 27 Stuff that jinxes Commentary	Stockholm—Georg Brandt elements
1735	Trade winds Means Lost science Commentary	George Hadley atmospheric_sciences
1735	Naming species Primates Completeness Commentary	Carl Linnaeus philosophy of science
1736	Graph theory Theory Problems Identity Commentary	Leonhard Euler mathematics
1736-1895	Topology Surfaces Shape Commentary	Leonhard Euler, Antoine-Jean Lhuilier, August Ferdinand Möbius, Johann Benedict Listing, Henri Poincaré mathematics
1738	Bernoulli’s principle Sailing Cutting through to the essence Commentary	Daniel Bernoulli physics
1739	Dividing engine Observatations by John Smeaton Instruments that made instruments Meta engines Commentary	Henry Hindley metrology
1742	Centigrade scale Metric degrees Arbitrary decisions Commentary	Anders Celsius, Jean-Pierre Christin thermometry
1743	Ethnography Disciplines Saved for eternity Commentary	Gerhard Friedrich Müller ethnography
1745-1746	Leyden jar Capacitance Shock Commentary	Ewald Georg von Kleist, Pieter van Musschenbroek electromagnetism
1747	Electric charge Electric pleasures Electronic addiction Commentary	Benjamin Franklin electromagnetism
1750	Platinum Atomic number 78 Stuff that doesn’t tarnish Commentary	London—Antonio de Ulloa, Charles Wood, William Brownrigg, William Hyde Wollaston, Smithson Tennant elements
1751	Nickel Atomic number 28 Stuff that annoys Commentary	Los—Axel Fredrik Cronstedt elements
1752	D’Alembert’s paradox Incompressible and inviscid Cognitive dissonance Commentary	Jean le Rond d’Alembert fluid dynamics
1755,1808	Magnesium Atomic number 12 Stuff that burns Commentary	Glasgow, London—Joseph Black, Humphry Davy elements
1756	Pyroelectricity Infrared detection Energy harvesting Wasted Commentary	Franz Ulrich Theodor Aepinus electromagnetism
1756	Leidenfrost effect The behavior of water Erratic skittering Commentary	Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost thermodynamics
1757	Triboelectric series Electrophorus Static Commentary	Johan Carl Wilcke tribology
1758	Euler characteristic Topological invariant Eyes Commentary	Leonhard Euler mathematics
1759,1764	Pyrometer Relative expansion A metal Commentary	James Ferguson thermometry
1761	Latent heat Scotch Latent stuff Commentary	Joseph Black thermodynamics
1763	Bayes’ theorem Bayes’ interpreters Training Commentary	Thomas Bayes probability
1765	Spontaneous generation Vital principle Miracles Commentary	Lazzaro Spallanzani biology
1765	Steam engine Denis Papin Smeaton, too Why Watt? Heat engines Commentary	James Watt thermodynamics
1768	Pi Proofs Squaring the circle Commentary	Johann Heinrich Lambert, Ferdinand von Lindemann mathematics
1770-1774	Manganese Atomic number 25 Manganism Commentary	Uppsala, Falun—Torbern Bergman, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Johan Gottlieb Gahn elements
1771,1885	Knot theory Knottiness Cat’s cradle Gordian Knot Commentary	Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde, Peter Guthrie Tait mathematics
1772	Nitrogen Atomic number 7 Stuff that explodes Commentary	Edinburgh—Daniel Rutherford elements
1772,1796	Hydraulic ram Water hammer Hydraulic thump Commentary	John Whitehurst, Joseph-Michel Montgolfier mechanics
1774,1808	Barium Atomic number 56 Stuff that sticks Commentary	Uppsala, London—Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Humphry Davy elements
1774	Combustion Codiscoveries Oxygène Commentary	Joseph Priestley, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Antoine Lavoisier elements
1774	Conservation of mass Stoichiometry Nothing from nothing Commentary	Antoine Lavoisier stoichiometry
1774,1810	Chlorine The meaning of oxygen Pale green Offenses Commentary	Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Humphry Davy elements
1778,1845	Diamagnetism Levitation No energy expended Commentary	Sebald Justinus Brugmans, Michael Faraday electromagnetism
1778,1781	Molybdenum Atomic number 42 Light and strong Commentary	Uppsala—Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Peter Jacob Hjelm elements
1780	Mysorean rockets Fathul Mujahidin The impermanence of war Commentary	Hyder Ali, Tipu Sultan manufacturing
1781	Discovery of Uranus Telescopes Hidden Commentary	William Herschel astronomy
1781,1783	Tungsten Atomic number 74 Hard stuff Commentary	Uppsala, Bergara—Torbern Bergman, Juan José Elhuyar, Fausto Elhuyar elements
1782	Tellurium Atomic number 52 Earth miners Commentary	Transylvania—Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein, Martin Heinrich Klaproth elements
1783	Wedgwood scale The scale Workable degrees Commentary	Josiah Wedgwood thermometry
1784	Hydrogen and water Phlogistonist Hydrogène Commentary	Henry Cavendish elements
1784,1903	Birkeland–Eyde process Nitrogen fertilizer Spark of being Commentary	Henry Cavendish, Kristian Birkeland, Sam Eyde chemistry
1784	Black hole Einstein taught Eye splice Commentary	John Michell astrophysics
1785	Earth cycles Hutton’s unconformity Endless cycles Commentary	James Hutton geology
1785	Coulomb’s law History Analogies Commentary	Charles-Augustin de Coulomb electromagnetism
1789,1824	Zirconium Atomic number 40 Leshem, Liguria Commentary	Berlin, Stockholm—Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jacob Berzelius elements
1789,1841	Uranium Atomic number 92 Unstable Commentary	Berlin, Paris—Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Eugène-Melchoir Péligot elements
1790,1808	Strontium Atomic number 38 Minerals Commentary	London—Adair Crawford, William Cruikshank, Humphry Davy elements
1791-1910	Titanium Atomic number 22 Places Commentary	Creed, Berlin, Stockholm, Troy—William Gregor, Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Matthew Hunter elements
1791,1820	Galvanometer Personal connections Moving the dial Commentary	Luigi Galvani, Hans Christian Ørsted, Johann Schweigger electromagnetism
1794-1843	Yttrium Named after Ytterby Atomic number 39 Rare earths Commentary	Åbo, Stockholm—Johan Gadolin, Carl Gustaf Mosander elements
1796	Vaccination Eradication Terms Commentary	Edward Jenner immunology
1796	Origin of our solar system Idealizing chaos Transforms Commentary	Pierre-Simon Laplace astronomy
1796	Comparative anatomy A genius of his time Only bones Commentary	Georges Cuvier, John Hunter comparative anatomy
1797	Catastrophist geology Noah’s flood Belief Commentary	James Hall geology
1797	Chromium Atomic number 24 Stuff that shines Commentary	Paris—Louis Nicolas Vauquelin elements
1798	Population pressure Pressure of liberty Overpopulation Commentary	Thomas Robert Malthus theoretical biology
1798	‘Weighing’ the world Torsion balance Sequence of results Commentary	John Michell, Henry Cavendish geodesy
1798,1828	Beryllium Atomic number 4 Gems Stuff with flaws Commentary	Paris, Berlin—Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, Friedrich Wöhler, Antoine Bussy elements
1799	Humboldt’s voyage Plants and animals Humboldt County Commentary	Alexander von Humboldt philosophy of science zoology
1799	Electric battery Luigi Galvani It didn’t just happen Remote control Commentary	Alessandro Volta electromagnetism
1799	Placebo effect Believing Sugar pills Think positive! Commentary	John Haygarth medicine
1800	Wave nature of light Aether What is space? Commentary	Thomas Young physics
1801	Discovery of an asteroid Hole in the sky Ceres Commentary	Giuseppe Piazzi, Carl Friedrich Gauss astronomy
1801	Niobium Atomic number 41 Technical stuff Commentary	London—Charles Hatchett elements
1802	Tantalum Atomic number 73 Rare stuff Commentary	Uppsala—Anders Gustaf Ekeberg elements
1802-1879	Incandescent light Prior art E26 screw Idea! Commentary	Humphrey Davy, Thomas Edison physics
1803,1830,1867	Vanadium Atomic number 23 Stuff with color Commentary	Mexico City, Stockholm, Manchester—Andrés Manuel del Río, Nils Gabriel Sefström, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Henry Enfield Roscoe elements
1803,1839	Cerium Atomic number 58 Stuff with sparks Commentary	Berlin, Bastnäs, Stockholm—Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger, Carl Gustaf Mosander elements
1803,1830	Platinum pyrometer Daniell’s Register-Pyrometer Practical problems Commentary	Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, John Frederic Daniell thermometry
1804	Platinum group metals Rhodium and palladium Iridium and osmium Wollastonite Names Commentary	London—William Hyde Wollaston, Smithson Tennant elements
1805-1876	Vapor-compression refrigeration Fridge Some cycles Commentary	Oliver Evans, Jacob Perkins, John Gorrie, Alexander Twining, James Harrison, Ferdinand and Edmond Carré, Carl von Linde thermodynamics
1805	Oruktor Amphibolos Mars Works Obscure iron artifacts of the nineteenth century Commentary	Oliver Evans mechanics thermodynamics
1807	Potassium Atomic number 19 Essential stuff Commentary	London—Humphry Davy elements
1807	Sodium Atomic number 11 Salty stuff Commentary	London—Humphry Davy elements
1808	Calcium Atomic number 20 Metalic stuff Commentary	London—Humphry Davy elements
1808	Boron Atomic number 5 Flubber Commentary	London, Paris—Humphry Davy, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, Louis Jacques Thénard elements
1808	Atomic theory Notation Symbols Commentary	John Dalton physics
1809	Acquired characteristics Soft heredity Bensoin Commentary	Jean-Baptiste Lamarck evolution
1811,1909	Avogadro constant Related constants Macro and micro Commentary	Amedeo Avogadro, Jean Baptiste Perrin stoichiometry
1811	Iodine Atomic number 53 Stuff that stings Commentary	Dijon—Bernard Courtois elements
1812	Mohs scale Other hardness scales Cheese scale Commentary	Friedrich Mohs geology
1813	Chemical nomenclature Differences Symbols Commentary	Jöns Jacob Berzelius chemistry
1814	Spectral lines Breakthrough Spectral analysis Commentary	Joseph von Fraunhofer physics
1814-1815	Metronome Poème symphonique Tennis Commentary	Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel, Johann Nepomuk Maelzel horology
1815	Fossil sequences Peculiarities of the strata Hidden sediments Commentary	William Smith stratigraphy
1815	Prout’s hypothesis Proton, neutron Hypothesis Commentary	William Prout physics
1816	Electrical telegraph Other electrical telegraphs Marital telegraph Commentary	Francis Ronalds electromagnetism
1816	Stirling engine Heat engine, heat pump In the real world Commentary	Robert Stirling thermodynamics
1817	Kater’s pendulum Little g Local variation Commentary	Christiaan Huygens, Gaspard de Prony, Henry Kater kinematics
1817	Germ layers Gastrulation of the blastulation Embryogenesis Commentary	Heinz Christian Pander embryology
1817,1821	Lithium Atomic number 3 Lithia waters Commentary	Stockholm, London—Johan August Arfwedson, William Thomas Brande elements
1817	Cadmium Atomic number 48 Itai-itai disease Commentary	Göttingen—Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann, Friedrich Stromeyer, Johann Christoff Heinrich Roloff elements
1817	Selenium Atomic number 34 Stuff with colors Commentary	Stockholm—Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Johan Gottlieb Gahn elements
1818	Aethrioscope Radiative effect Clear Commentary	John Leslie thermometry
1819	Wave optics Fresnel lens The principles Commentary	Augustin-Jean Fresnel, François Arago optics
1820	Electromagnetism Secret agent Penetrations Commentary	Hans Christian Øersted, André-Marie Ampère, Michael Faraday electromagnetism
1821	Electric conductivity The electrical researches of the Honourable Henry Cavendish Electric fluid Commentary	Humphry Davy, Henry Cavendish electromagnetism
1821,1834	Thermoelectric effect Thermocouple and thermopile Not by accident Commentary	Thomas Johann Seebeck, Hans Christian Ørsted electromagnetism
1822	Deciphering hieroglyphics Cartouche Living systems Commentary	Jean François Champollion linguistics
1822	Difference engine Non-fiction Weaving Commentary	Charles Babbage computer science
1823	Silicon Atomic number 14 Not a metal Metalloid Commentary	Stockholm—Jöns Jacob Berzelius elements
1823	Liquefaction of gases Processes Liquefaction of water Commentary	Michael Faraday physics
1825,1827	Aluminium Atomic number 13 History of the name Commentary	Copenhagen, Berlin—Hans Christian Ørsted, Friedrich Wöhler elements
1825,1826	Bromine Atomic number 35 Rare dyes Commentary	Heidelberg—Carl Jacob Löwig, Leopold Gmelin, Antoine Jérôme Balard elements
1825	Benzene Benzene names Benzene lamp Cooking with gas Commentary	Michael Faraday chemistry
1826	Eggs and embryos Homunculi Commentary	Karl Ernst von Baer embryology
1827	Ohm’s law The circuit Contiguity Commentary	Georg Ohm electromagnetism
1828	Synthesis of urea Enzymes Vital forces Commentary	Friedrich Wöhler chemistry
1828	Nicol prism Famous prisms Secondary qualities Commentary	William Nicol optics
1829	Non-Euclidean geometry Non-Euclidean house Postulates Commentary	Nicolai Lobachevsky, János Bolyai, Bernhard Riemann geometry
1829	Thorium Atomic number 90 Radioactive stuff Commentary	Stockholm—Morten Thrane Esmark, Jöns Jacob Berzelius elements
1830	Principles of geology Uniformitarianism Devolution Commentary	Charles Lyell geology
1831	Faraday’s law of induction Lines of force Change of flux Commentary	Michael Faraday electromagnetism
1831	Electric generator Electric generators Regen Commentary	Michael Faraday electromagnetism
1831	Faraday wave Good standing Cymatics Commentary	Michael Faraday acoustics
1833	“Scientist” Coinages “Poetist” Commentary	William Whewell philosophy of science
1833,1843	Wheatstone bridge Christie bridge Other bridges Commentary	Samuel Hunter Christie, Charles Wheatstone electromagnetism
1834	Cro-Magnons A place in time Myth Commentary	Édouard Lartet, Louis Lartet primatology
1834	Laws of electrolysis History of electrolysis Periodic Commentary	Michael Faraday physics
1834	Peltier effect Findings Electrical units Solid-state effects Commentary	Jean Charles Athanase Peltier electromagnetism
1834	Ion Charged particles Faraday cup Going Commentary	Michael Faraday chemistry
1834	Faraday efficiency A charge of one faraday Waste Commentary	Michael Faraday chemistry
1835	Coriolis effect Handedness Unhandy Commentary	Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis atmospheric_sciences
1836	Faraday cage Corks and cans Equilibrium in flux Commentary	Michael Faraday electromagnetism
1838	Distance to a star Parallax A place in the universe Commentary	Friedrich Bessel astronomy
1839	Cell theory Factory prototype Seed Commentary	Matthias Jakob Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier, Hugo von Mohl, Robert Remak, Rudolf Virchow cell biology
1839	Lanthanum Atomic number 57 Hidden stuff Commentary	Stockholm—Carl Gustaf Mosander elements
1839-1887	International auxiliary language Universal babble (with dates) Anationalism All men are brothers Commentary	Joseph Schipfer, Joachim Faiguet de Villeneuve, Jean Pirro, Johann Martin Schleyer, L. L. Zamenhof linguistics
1840	Ice age Imagination of ice Ice cycles Commentary	Louis Agassiz atmospheric sciences
1841	Potentiometer Null balancing Variable potential Commentary	Johann Christian Poggendorff electromagnetism
1841	Allotropy Allotropes As for why he does the things he does Commentary	Jöns Jacob Berzelius chemistry
1842	Dinosaur Pet dinosaurs The perspective of time Commentary	Richard Owen evolution paleontology
1842	Doppler effect Sans relativity Effects Commentary	Christian Doppler physics
1842	Magnetostriction Magnetomechanical effects Microstrains Commentary	James Prescott Joule electromagnetism
1842-1846	Anesthesia Theories of action Cartoon anesthesics Commentary	Crawford Long, Horace Wells, William T. G. Morton medicine
1842	Conservation of energy Independently Not exactly Perpetual entropy Commentary	Julius von Mayer, James Prescott Joule thermodynamics
1842	Cyanotype Blueprints Honesty Commentary	John Herschel chemistry
1843	Sunspot cycle Patterns in the sky Spots Commentary	Heinrich Schwabe astronomy
1843	Terbium Atomic number 65 Tweedledum and Tweedledee Commentary	Stockholm—Carl Gustaf Mosander elements
1843	Erbium Atomic number 68 Tweedledee and Tweedledum Commentary	Stockholm—Carl Gustaf Mosander elements
1844	Ruthenium Atomic number 44 Parker 51 Commentary	Kazan—Karl Ernst Claus elements
1845	Spiral galaxies Leviathan of Parsonstown Nebulae Commentary	William Parsons astronomy
1845-1913	Magneto-optic and electro-optic effects Faraday effect Electro-optic Kerr effect Magneto-optic Kerr effect Cotton effect Voigt effect Zeeman effect Cotton-Mouton effect Stark-Lo Surdo effect Thus Limited senses Commentary	Michael Faraday, John Kerr, Aimé Cotton, Woldemar Voigt, Pieter Zeeman, Henri Mouton, Johannes Stark, Antonino Lo Surdo electromagnetism
1846	Discovery of Neptune Blinded by love Ephemerides Commentary	John Couch Adams, Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier, Johann Gottfried Galle astronomy
1846-1868	Protoplasm Vitalism Ectoplasm Commentary	Hugo von Mohl, Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Thomas Henry Huxley cell biology
1846	Guncotton Practical uses Oxymorons Commentary	Christian Friedrich Schönbein, Rudolf Christian Böttger, F. J. Otto chemistry
1847	Laws of thermodynamics Energy Precedents Commentary	Benjamin Thompson, Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, James Prescott Joule, Rudolf Clausius thermodynamics
1847	Boolean algebra Tautology Duality Precision Arguments against torture, arguments against war Commentary	George Boole computer science
1847	Nitroglycerin Hazards Better living through chemistry Commentary	Ascanio Sobrero chemistry
1847	Stokes drift The base of a wave Consequences Molecules Commentary	George Gabriel Stokes fluid dynamics
1848	Kelvin scale Other definitions of absolute zero Is it not relative? Commentary	William Lord Kelvin thermometry
1851	Foucault’s pendulum Explanations Beauty and motion Commentary	Léon Foucault geodesy
1851	Reynolds number Reynolds things Your number Commentary	George Gabriel Stokes fluid dynamics
1852-1854	Ideomotor phenomenon Ouija Knee-jerk reactions Commentary	William Benjamin Carpenter, Michael Faraday, James Braid, Michel Eugène Chevreul behavioral science
1852	Joule-Thomson effect Purpose Enthalpy Orifice Commentary	James Prescott Joule, William Thomson Lord Kelvin thermodynamics
1854	Cholera and the pump Superstition The handles Commentary	John Snow pathology
1854,1884	Vibrio cholerae Pandemics The Wandering Jew Catching Commentary	Filippo Pacini, Robert Koch bacteriology
1855	Bunsen burner Common equipment Flame test Commentary	Robert Bunsen, Peter Desaga chemistry
1855,1865	Marangoni effect Tears of wine Surface tension Commentary	James Thomson, Carlo Marangoni thermodynamics
1856	Neanderthal man Homo neanderthalensis The disappearance Commentary	Hermann Schaaffhausen primatology
1856	Mauve Unnatural desires Halloween deceptions Commentary	William Henry Perkin chemistry
1857	Geissler tube Increasing vacuum Various tubes Commentary	Heinrich Geißler electromagnetism
1858	Communities of cells Virchow Sleepers Commentary	Rudolf Virchow cell biology
1859	Origin of species The individual Evolution Commentary	Charles Darwin evolution
1859	Analytical spectroscopy Three laws Analysis Commentary	Robert Bunsen, Gustav Kirchhoff chemistry
1859,1881	Lead-acid battery Other batteries Everything’s a battery Commentary	Gaston Planté, Camille Alphonse Faure electromagnetism
1859	Wallace line Wallacea Crossing waters Commentary	Alfred Russel Wallace oceanography biogeography
1860	Archaeopteryx Ontology (phylogeny) Making connections Commentary	Richard Owen, Thomas Henry Huxley evolution
1860,1882	Caesium Atomic number 55 Impermanence Commentary	Heidelberg—Robert Bunsen, Gustav Kirchhoff, Carl Setterberg elements
1860	Protist Protests Like us Commentary	John Hogg protistology
1860	Roots blower Legend of origin Hot Commentary	Philander Roots, Francis Marion Roots mechanics
1861	Rubidium Atomic number 37 Pyrophoric stuff Commentary	Heidelberg—Robert Bunsen, Gustav Kirchhoff elements
1861	Mapping speech Speech speach Cerebral localizations Stupidity Commentary	Paul Broca anatomy
1861-1862	Thallium Atomic number 81 My thallium Commentary	London, Lille—William Crookes, Claude-Auguste Lamy elements
1861	Batesian mimicry The great adventure Defensive mimicry Commentary	Henry Walter Bates evolution
1862	Celluloid Plastic Flammable Commentary	Alexander Parkes materials science
1863	Greenhouse effect Mountaineer Commentary	John Tyndall atmospheric sciences
1863	Indium Atomic number 49 Partners Commentary	Freiberg—Ferdinand Reich, Hieronymous Theodor Richter elements
1864	Maxwell’s equations Fields James Clerk Maxwell Commentary	James Clerk Maxwell electromagnetism
1865	Regulating the body Milieu interieur Fact and ritual Commentary	Claude Bernard metabolism
1865	Benzene ring Discovery and proof Locking rings Commentary	August Kekulé chemistry
1865	Antiseptic surgery Miasmas Knowledge Commentary	Joseph Lister medicine
1865	Laws of inheritance Mendelian factors Pattern recognition Commentary	Gregor Johann Mendel genetics
1867	Dynamite Engines of invention Engines of war Commentary	Alfred Nobel chemistry
1868-1895	Helium Atomic number 2 Noble Commentary	Guntur, West Hampstead—Pierre Janssen, Norman Lockyer, Luigi Palmieri, William Ramsay, Per Teodor Cleve, Nils Abraham Langlet elements
1869	Periodic table Filling the gaps Fact and ritual Elements Commentary	Dmitri Mendeleev chemistry periodic table
1869	Cathode ray Electron energy Mysterious rays Commentary	Johann Wilhelm Hittorf electromagnetism
1869-1875	Crookes tube Electromagnetics Cathode ray vision Commentary	William Crookes electromagnetism
1871	Wind tunnel Study of flight Testable hypotheses Commentary	Francis Herbert Wenham aerodynamics
1871	Resistance thermometer How to calibrate Resistance behavior Commentary	Carl Wilhelm Siemens thermometry
1873	Changes of state Van der Waals forces Making things happen Commentary	Johannes Diederik van der Waals chemistry
1873	Crookes radiometer Crookes paddlewheel Chinatown radiometers Commentary	William Crookes fluid dynamics
1873,1880	Thermionic emission On a Relation between Heat and Static Electricity Edison effect Schottky effect Thermion dance Commentary	Frederick Guthrie, Thomas Edison electromagnetism
1873	Gibbs free energy Endergonic vs. exergonic No limit Commentary	Josiah Willard Gibbs thermodynamics
1874,1904	Crystal diode Cat’s-whisker detector Crystal divination Commentary	Karl Ferdinand Braun, Henry Harrison Chase Dunwoody, Greenleaf Whittier Pickard electromagnetism
1874	Rotary vane pump Positive displacement pump Eccentricity Commentary	Charles C. Barnes mechanics
1875	Gallium Atomic number 31 Bizarre stuff Commentary	Paris—Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran elements
1876	Industrial research laboratory Perspiration Inventions Employees Inventing Commentary	Thomas Edison philosophy of science
1876	Telephone Visible Speech On call Commentary	Alexander Graham Bell telecommunication
1876	Bacillus anthracis Strains Spores Commentary	Aloys Pollender, Casimir Davaine, Pierre François Olive Rayer, Robert Koch bacteriology
1876	Chemical potential Terms Pills Commentary	Josiah Willard Gibbs thermodynamics
1877	Canals on Mars Commentary	Giovanni Schiaparelli astronomy
1878	Germ theory Pasteurization Cayenne Commentary	Louis Pasteur bacteriology
1878	Mitosis Omnis nucleus e nucleo Aerosols and dyes Commentary	Walther Flemming, Edouard Van Beneden, Otto Bütschli, Eduard Strasburger cell biology
1878,1907	Ytterbium Atomic number 70 Exceedingly little Commentary	Geneva, Paris—Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, Georges Urbain elements
1878-1879	Holmium Atomic number 67 Stuff Commentary	Geneva, Uppsala—Marc Delafontaine, Jacques-Louis Soret, Per Teodor Cleve elements
1878	Müllerian mimicry Other discoveries Imitation Commentary	Fritz Müller evolution
1878	Bolometer Infrared At a distance Commentary	Samuel Pierpont Langley thermometry
1879	Thulium Atomic number 69 Stuff Commentary	Uppsala—Per Teodor Cleve elements
1879	Scandium Atomic number 21 Lewis acids Commentary	Uppsala—Lars Fredrik Nilson elements
1879	Samarium Atomic number 62 Doable stuff Commentary	Paris—Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran elements
1879	Thermal transpiration When molecules abhor Leaking pores Commentary	Osborne Reynolds, Martin Knudsen fluid dynamics
1879	Stefan-Boltzmann law The Stefan-Boltzmann law From a distance Commentary	Josef Stefan, Ludwig Boltzmann thermodynamics
1879	Kelvin wave Swells Effects Commentary	William Thomson Lord Kelvin oceanography
1880-1881	Anthrax vaccine Devastation Economic incentive Commentary	Jean Joseph Henri Toussaint, Louis Pasteur immunology
1880,1881	Piezoelectricity Piezoelectric uses Transducer Commentary	Pierre Curie, Jacques Curie, Gabriel Lippmann electromagnetism
1880	Gadolinium Atomic number 64 You have no idea Commentary	Geneva—Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac elements
1881	Streptococcus pneumoniae Work in the field Ancient history Still kills Commentary	George Miller Sternberg, Louis Pasteur bacteriology
1882	Cellular immunity Little animals Probiotic joys Commentary	Élie Metchnikoff immunology
1882	Mycobacterium tuberculosis Koch’s postulates Susceptible Commentary	Benjamin Marten, Robert Koch bacteriology
1884	Peanut butter Peanut-butter conquest One thousand uses Commentary	Marcellus Gilmore Edson food science
1884	Gram staining Gram-related Tests Commentary	Hans Christian Gram bacteriology
1885	Mountain formation Ecology Distant blue Commentary	Eduard Suess geophysics
1885	Rabies vaccine Behavior modification Joseph Meister reflects Commentary	Pierre Paul Émile Roux, Louis Pasteur immunology
1885	Praseodymium Atomic number 59 Into powder Commentary	Vienna—Carl Auer von Welsbach elements
1885	Neodymium Atomic number 60 Sci-fi Commentary	Vienna—Carl Auer von Welsbach elements
1885	Automobile Improvements The spirit of the car Commentary	Karl Benz mechanics thermodynamics
1886	Fluorine Atomic number 9 Unnatural stuff Commentary	Paris—Henri Moissan elements
1886	Dysprosium Atomic number 66 Hard to obtain Commentary	Paris—Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran elements
1886	Germanium Atomic number 32 Angularium Properties Commentary	Freiberg—Clemens Winkler elements
1887	Michelson-Morley experiment Luminiferous aether The experiment Commentary	Albert A. Michelson, Edward W. Morley physics
1888	Nitrogen fixation Mysterious biology Natural efficiency Commentary	Hermann Hellriegel botany
1888-1927	Cinematography Phi phenomenon Continuity Commentary	Louis Le Prince, Thomas Edison, Auguste and Louis Lumière optics
1888	Ampere balance Ampere calculation Balance Commentary	William Thomson, Lord Kelvin electromagnetism
1889	Nervous system Golgi’s method Naming parts of the body Commentary	Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal neuroscience
1889	Measuring individuals Bell curve I.Q. Commentary	Francis Galton biometrics
1889	Length contraction Speed of light Happens to be Commentary	George Francis FitzGerald electromagnetism
1889	Aggressive mimicry Wolf in sheep’s clothing Instances Commentary	George and Elizabeth Peckham evolution
1889	Paschen’s law Breakthrough voltage Optimal optimum, minimal minimum Commentary	Friedrich Paschen electromagnetism
1890	Antitoxins Humoral theory Paraclete Commentary	Emil Adolf von Behring, Shibasaburō Kitasato immunology
1890	Aposematism Danger signs Doctor Faustus Don’t tread on me Commentary	Alfred Russel Wallace, Edward Bagnall evolution
1890-1901	Europium Atomic number 63 Anomaly Commentary	Paris—Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Eugène-Anatole Demarçay elements
1890	Coherer History of metal filings Cohering Commentary	Edouard Branly electromagnetism
1891	Java man Missing the link Prejudice Commentary	Eugène Dubois primatology
1893	Diesel engine Compression ignition Biodiesel Diesel Commentary	Rudolf Diesel thermodynamics
1893	Anthropometry Circumstantial affairs Recidivist Commentary	Alphonse Bertillon biometrics
1893	Galalith Milk stone Erinoid Commentary	Auguste Trillat materials science
1894	Enzyme specificity Sugars Fischer projection Commentary	Emil Adolf Hermann Fischer chemistry
1894	Argon Atomic number 18 Nobility Commentary	London—John William Strutt Lord Rayleigh, William Ramsay elements
1894	Nansen bottle Niskin improvements Not obvious Commentary	Fridtjof Nansen, Shale Niskin oceanography
1895	X-rays X-ray vision Assertions about radiotherapy Commentary	Wilhelm Röntgen electromagnetism
1895	Libido Anna O. Sorry, Doctor Freud Commentary	Sigmund Freud psychology
1895	Curie’s law Magnetic thermometer Magnetic susceptibility Commentary	Pierre Curie metrology
1895	Antivenom Pasteur Institute Cures for what ails Commentary	Albert Calmette immunology
1895	Speleology Speleothems Exploring the science Commentary	Édouard-Alfred Martel speleology
1896	Radioactivity Caution—radioactive materials Transmutation of elements Commentary	Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie, Pierre Curie, Ernest Rutherford, Frederick Soddy physics
1896	Radio Transoceanic Beyond proof of concept Commentary	Guglielmo Marconi telecommunication
1896	Preventing cholera Water of the Ganges Speaking the obvious Commentary	Ernest Hanbury Hankin medicine
1896,1902	Magnetic detector Magnetic detectors Hysteresis of iron Commentary	Ernest Rutherford, Guglielmo Marconi electromagnetism
1896	Diode bridge Graetz bridge Surplus bridge Commentary	Karol Pollak electromagnetism
1896	Arrhenius equation Observations of the moon Activation energy Commentary	Svante Arrhenius atmospheric sciences
1897	Aspirin War reparation Take two aspirin Commentary	Arthur Eichengrün, Felix Hoffmann pharmacology
1897	Electron Astonishing feats Bonds Commentary	Joseph John Thomson particle physics
1897	Malarial parasite Life cycle A bad thing happens Commentary	Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, Patrick Manson, Ronald Ross parasitology
1897	Townsend discharge Avalanche Magnification Commentary	John Sealy Townsend physics
1898	Viruses Varieties Viral death Commentary	Martinus Beijerinck virology
1898	Krypton Atomic number 36 Sounds mysterious Commentary	London—William Ramsay, Morris Travers elements
1898	Neon Atomic number 10 Neon signs Commentary	London—William Ramsay, Morris Travers elements
1898	Xenon Atomic number 54 Superhero Commentary	London—William Ramsay, Morris Travers elements
1898	Polonium Atomic number 84 Different isotopes for different folks Commentary	Paris—Marie Curie, Pierre Curie elements
1898	Radium Atomic number 88 Fun with science Commentary	Paris—Marie Curie, Pierre Curie elements
1899-1910	Radon Atomic number 86 Bad stuff Commentary	Paris, Montreal, Halle, London—Marie Curie, Pierre Curie, Robert Bowie Owens, Ernest Rutherford, Friedrich Ernst Dorn, André-Louis Debierne, William Ramsay, Robert Whytlaw-Gray elements
1899,1902	Actinium Atomic number 89 Priority Commentary	Paris, Brunswick—André-Louis Debierne, Friedrich Oskar Giesel elements
1899	Loading coil Heaviside condition Lenz’s law Intuitive degree Commentary	Oliver Heaviside, George Ashley Campbell, Mihajlo Pupin telecommunication
1900	Planck constant Planck units Gyroscope Commentary	Max Planck quantum mechanics
1900	Quanta Graininess Indivisible Commentary	Max Planck, Albert Einstein quantum mechanics
1900	Gamma ray Gamma rays Gamma ray guns Commentary	Paul Ulrich Villard physics
1901	Blood groups Not so simple Blood ties Commentary	Karl Landsteiner medicine
1901	Heterodyne Heterodyning No one knows Commentary	Reginald Fessenden electromagnetism
1901	Disappearing-filament pyrometer Ideal emissivity Disappearing act Commentary	Ferdinand Kurlbaum, Ludwig Holborn, Harmon Northrup Morse thermometry
1902	Boveri-Sutton chromosome theory Meiosis and synapsis Meiosis dance Commentary	Theodor Boveri, Walter Sutton genetics
1902	Hot wire barretter Earphones Effects of heat Commentary	Reginald Fessenden electromagnetism
1902	Stratosphere Stratospheric facts Living in the sky Commentary	Richard Assmann, Léon Teisserenc de Bort atmospheric sciences
1902	Ekman transport Ekman spiral Coastal upwelling Balance of forces Commentary	Vagn Walfrid Ekman, Fridtjof Nansen oceanography
1903	Chaos theory The three-body problem Indeterminism Commentary	Henri Poincaré mathematics
1903	Airplane Toy helicopter Kites and gliders Controls Data Wing Propeller Engine Instability Commercial Dreams of flying Commentary	Wilbur Wright, Orville Wright aerodynamics
1903	Electrolytic detector How it works Not to put too fine a point on it Commentary	Reginald Fessenden electromagnetism
1903	Spinthariscope Scintillations Fántasmascope Commentary	William Crookes physics
1904	Intelligence testing Mental age Quantity Commentary	Alfred Binet psychometrics
1904	Conditioned reflexes Brainwashing Reflexes Commentary	Ivan Pavlov psychology
1904	Lorentz transformations Contraction Transformations Commentary	Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré mathematics
1904	Genetic linkage Other linkages Game of life Commentary	William Bateson, Edith Rebecca Saunders, Reginald Punnett genetics
1904	Telemobiloscope Radar Signals Commentary	Christian Hülsmeyer electromagnetism
1904	Alexanderson alternator Transoceanic broadcasts Alexanderson Day The box Commentary	Ernst Alexanderson electromagnetism
1904	Boundary layer Boundary layers Boundary definition Commentary	Ludwig Prandtl fluid dynamics
1904	Fleming valve Other names for it Valves Commentary	John Ambrose Fleming electromagnetism
1905	Special relativity Atomic bomb Sounds Commentary	Albert Einstein physics
1905	Phased array Phased arrays Interference Commentary	Karl Ferdinand Braun electromagnetism
1906	Vitamins Limeys Essentials Commentary	Frederick Gowland Hopkins food science
1906	Earth interior Seismograph Earthquakes Commentary	Richard Dixon Oldham, Andrija Mohorovičić geophysics
1906	AM broadcasting Wireless telephone Dental receptionist Commentary	Reginald Fessenden telecommunication
1906-1912	Triode He said Radio jamming Commentary	Lee de Forest, Irving Langmuir electromagnetism
1907	Dating rocks Zircon clocks A beginning Commentary	Bertram Boltwood geology
1907	Bakelite Products Plastic Commentary	Leo Baekeland materials science
1907	Lutetium Atomic number 71 Synchronicity Commentary	Paris, Vienna, Durham—Georges Urbain, Carl Auer von Welsbach, Charles James elements
1907	Magnetic domain Other domains Magnetic moment Commentary	Pierre Weiss electromagnetism
1908	Brownian motion Particulate energy Solids Commentary	Robert Brown, Ludwig Boltzmann, Albert Einstein, Jean Baptiste Perrin physics
1908	Umami Bottling the essence Don’t begin Commentary	Kikunae Ikeda food science
1908,1935	Sulfanilamide Antibiotics Bacterial intruders Commentary	Paul Gelmo, Gerhard Domagk pharmacology
1908,1925	Rhenium Atomic number 75 Metals everywhere Commentary	London, Berlin—Masataka Ogawa, Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, Otto Berg elements
1908-1958	Van Allen belts Shields Auroras Lights in the sky Commentary	Kristian Birkeland, Carl Størmer, James Van Allen electromagnetism
1908	Birkeland current Auroral electrojets Filamentation Commentary	Kristian Birkeland electromagnetism
1909	Synthesis of ammonia Fertilizer, bombs, and other uses Irritant Ethics Commentary	Fritz Haber chemistry
1909	Inborn errors of metabolism Metabolisms Mutant Commentary	Archibald Garrod genetics
1909	Burgess shale Animals Interpretation Commentary	Charles Doolittle Walcott paleontology
1909	Mutationism Damage and repair Mutation Commentary	Hugo de Vries evolution
1910	Chemotherapy Magic bullets Fierce hope Commentary	Paul Ehrlich pharmacology
1910	Genes Drosophila melanogaster Family is an analog Commentary	Thomas Hunt Morgan, Alfred Henry Sturtevant, Calvin Bridges, Hermann Joseph Muller genetics
1911	Superconductivity High-temperature superconductivity Promise Commentary	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes physics
1911	Cosmic rays From the cosmos Danger, danger! Commentary	Victor Francis Hess physics
1911	Weiss magneton No theoretical argument Units of the indefinite Commentary	Pierre Weiss electromagnetism
1911	Atomic number Atomic parts Z Commentary	Antonius van den Broek chemistry
1911-1920	Sagnac effect Experiments Interferometry Commentary	Max von Laue, Georges Sagnac physics
1912	Continental drift Pangaea My drift Commentary	Alfred Lothar Wegener geophysics
1912	Sonar Names from acronyms Bats do it Commentary	Reginald Fessenden acoustics
1912	Scoville scale Heat agents Organoleptic test Commentary	Wilbur Scoville food science
1913	Atom Benefits and liabilities Guessing theory Commentary	Ernest Rutherford, Niels Bohr physics
1913	Radioactive displacement law Other forms of decay Transmutation Commentary	Frederick Soddy, Kazimierz Fajans physics
1913-1918	Protactinium Atomic number 91 Eating it Commentary	Karlsruhe, Glasgow, Berlin—Oswald Helmuth Göhring, Georg von Hevesy, John Arnold Cranston, Frederick Soddy, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner elements
1913	Atomic battery Beta particles Becoming safer Commentary	Henry Moseley electromagnetism
1913	Tesla turbine A challenge Tesla pump Commentary	Nikola Tesla fluid dynamics
1913	Bohr magneton Its value Constants Commentary	Niels Bohr electromagnetism
1913-1930	Vitamin discoveries Vitamers Vitamin X Commentary	Elmer McCollum, Marguerite Davis, Lafayette Mendel, Thomas Burr Osborne, Christiaan Eijkman, Edward Mellanby, Adolf Windaus, Herbert McLean Evans, Katharine Bishop, Carl Dam, George Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Murphy, Albert Szent-Györgyi food science
1914	Neurotransmitters Systems One pill makes you larger Commentary	Henry Hallett Dale, George Barger, Otto Loewi neuroscience
1914	Climate cycles Models Changes Commentary	Milutin Milanković atmospheric_sciences
1914	Glossmeter Specular reflection is polarized Calendering Commentary	Leonard R. Ingersoll optics
1915	General relativity Solutions Moving Commentary	Albert Einstein physics
1915,1917	Bacteriophage Phage therapy Space ships Commentary	Frederick Twort, Félix d’Herelle virology
1915	Parson magneton Controversies Defying logic Commentary	Alfred Lauck Parson electromagnetism
1916	Chemical bond Theories Likes Commentary	Gilbert N. Lewis physics
1916	Schwartzchild radius Singularity Flexibility Commentary	Karl Schwarzschild physics
1917-1960	Stimulated emission Masers and lasers Theoretically possible Commentary	Albert Einstein, Charles Hard Townes, James P. Gordon, Theodore Harold Maiman physics
1918	The universe Cepheids Standard candles Commentary	Henrietta Swan Leavitt, Harlow Shapley, Edwin Hubble, Walter Baade astronomy
1918	Neo-Darwinism On being Populations Commentary	Ronald Fisher, John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, Sewall Wright, Theodosius Dobzhansky evolution
1918	Noether’s theorem Spherical symmetry Sense of things Commentary	Emmy Noether physics
1918,1975	Fractal dimension Coastline paradox Covering and packing Minkowski–Bouligand dimension More than one, less than two Self-similarity Commentary	Felix Hausdorff, Benoit Mandelbrot mathematics
1919	Barkhausen effect Before Barkhausen Explaining Commentary	Heinrich Barkhausen electromagnetism
1920	Weather forecasting Forecasting difficulty Crystal ball Commentary	Vilhelm Bjerknes, Jacob Bjerknes atmospheric sciences
1920	Stellar evolution Stellar scientists My star Commentary	Arthur Eddington, Hans Bethe, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Ejnar Hertzsprung, Henry Norris Russell astronomy
1920	Ferroelectricity What to name it Related to Commentary	Joseph Valasek electromagnetism
1921	Insulin Coin toss Secretions Commentary	Frederick Banting, Charles Herbert Best medicine
1921	Tuberculosis vaccine Treatment and prevention Leprosy Never coughing Commentary	Albert Calmette, Camille Guérin immunology
1922	Eel metamorphosis Sexual maturity Connections Metamorphosis Commentary	Johannes Schmidt ichthyology
1922	Isotope Chain of decay A problem Commentary	Francis William Aston, Frederick Soddy chemistry
1922,1926	Absorption refrigerator Einstein refrigerator Thermodynamics says something about being cool Commentary	Baltzar von Platen, Carl Munters, Albert Einstein, Leo Szilard thermodynamics
1922	Coefficient of relationship Genetic distance Being a Native American poet Commentary	Sewall Wright sociobiology
1923	Crop diversity Diversity Biodiversity Commentary	Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov ecology
1923	Hafnium Atomic number 72 Very bad science Commentary	Copenhagen—Dirk Coster, Georg von Hevesy elements
1923	Compton scattering Compton wavelength Inelastic scattering Commentary	Arthur Holly Compton physics
1924	Child development Stages Differences Commentary	Jean Piaget psychology
1924-1928	Plasma Plasmas Langmuir probe It doesn’t exist Commentary	Irving Langmuir physics
1925	Tuang child Rare and strange Descent Commentary	Raymond Dart primatology
1925	Wave-particle duality Interference To explain Commentary	Werner Heisenberg, Louis de Broglie, Erwin Schrödinger quantum mechanics
1925	Bose-Einstein condensate Bose-Fermi universe States of matter Commentary	Satyendra Nath Bose, Albert Einstein physics
1925,1926	Pauli exclusion principle/Exchange interaction Dimension But why? Commentary	Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg, Paul Dirac particle physics
1925,1962	Prokaryote and eukaryote Phylogeny Angels Commentary	Édouard Chatton, Roger Stanier, C. B. van Niel cell biology
1926	Schrödinger equation The operation of time is unitary Multiples Commentary	Erwin Schrödinger quantum mechanics
1927	Uncertainty principle Half ħ Unsure Commentary	Werner Heisenberg quantum mechanics
1927	Langmuir circulation Pycnocline Lines Commentary	Irving Langmuir oceanography
1928	Penicillin Cantaloupe Painter’s brush Commentary	Alexander Fleming pharmacology
1928	Dirac equation Dirac sea Jellium Commentary	Paul Dirac quantum mechanics
1928-1929	Plasma oscillation Langmuir waves Instabilities Commentary	Irving Langmuir, Lewi Tonks physics
1928	Transformation Horizontal gene transfers Competence One on one Commentary	Frederick Griffith genetics
1929	Geomagnetic reversals Sea-floor record Disorder Commentary	Motonori Matuyama plate tectonics
1929	Expanding universe Data Hubble got the credit Commentary	Georges Lemaître, Edwin Hubble astronomy
1930	Magnon Misalignments The vortex Commentary	Felix Bloch electromagnetism
1930	Zitterbewegung Yin and yang Parkinson’s Commentary	Erwin Schrödinger quantum mechanics
1930-2014	Quasiparticles Sums of fundamentals Emergence Commentary	Felix Bloch, Yakov Frenkel, Paul Dirac, Igor Tamm, Lev Landau, Ettore Majorana, Lars Onsager, Kirill Tolpygo, David Pines, David Bohm, Leon Cooper, Tony Skyrme, Robert B. Laughlin, Horst Ludwig Störmer, Daniel Tsui, Shin'ichirō Tomonaga, Joaquin Mazdak Luttinger, Jeroen van den Brink, Daniel I. Khomskii, George Sawatzky quantum mechanics
1931	Incompleteness theorems Time travel Self-contradictory statements and tautologies Commentary	Kurt Gödel logic
1931	White dwarfs Solidity Pressure Commentary	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar astronomy
1931	Deuterium Naming deuterium Operation Gunnerside Commentary	Harold Urey, George M. Murphy, Ferdinand Brickwedde chemistry
1932	Neutron Nuclear fission Analogy is not Commentary	James Chadwick particle physics
1932	Antimatter Asymmetry Untestable hypotheses Commentary	Paul Dirac, Carl David Anderson particle physics
1932	Phonon Scientific work Together Commentary	Igor Tamm particle physics
1932-1951	Positronium Other oniums Positronia Commentary	Carl David Anderson, Stjepan Mohorovičić, Martin Deutsch particle physics
1933	Meissner effect Surface effects Ways to tell Commentary	Walther Meissner, Robert Ochsenfeld electromagnetism
1933	Radio astronomy Sagittarius A* Overhearing Commentary	Karl Guthe Jansky astronomy
1933	Neutron star Neutron stars Glitches Commentary	Walter Baade, Fritz Zwicky astrophysics
1934	Coandă effect Identified flying objects Coandă and Bernoulli Arguments Commentary	Henri Coandă aerodynamics
1934	Cherenkov radiation Cherenkov mediums Unworldly Commentary	Pavel Cherenkov, Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov, Igor Tamm, Pavel Frank physics
1934,1947	Meson List of mesons The cosmic ray connection Commentary	Hideki Yukawa, Cecil Powell, César Lattes, Giuseppe Occhialini particle physics
1935	Nylon Parachutes and nylons Polymers Commentary	Wallace Carothers materials science
1935	Instincts Anthropomorphism Animals like us Commentary	Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen entomology
1935	Geiger counter Townsend discharge Maligning atoms Commentary	John Sealy Townsend, Hans Geiger, Walther Müller physics
1935	Majorana fermion Pauli exclusion Quantum state Commentary	Ettore Majorana particle physics
1935	Induced radioactivity Uses Everybody’s doing it Commentary	Irène Joliot-Curie, Frédéric Joliot-Curie physics
1936	Inner core Composition Myths of the interior Commentary	Inge Lehmann geophysics
1936	Muon Other work Muon fusion Muon power Commentary	Carl David Anderson, Seth Neddermeyer particle physics
1937	Citric-acid cycle Metabolic confusion He thought he was lucky Path of life Commentary	Hans Adolf Krebs metabolism
1937	Technetium Atomic number 43 Unstable stuff Commentary	Palermo—Emilio Segrè, Carlo Perrier elements
1937	Superfluidity Second sound Rollin film The mind Commentary	Pyotr Kapitsa, John F. Allen, Don Misener physics
1937	Goldschmidt classification Meteoric After the performance Commentary	Victor Goldschmidt geophysics
1938	Radical behaviorism The Skinner box Subtleties Commentary	B. F. Skinner psychology
1938	Coelacanth A beautiful fish Living fossil Commentary	Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, J. L. B. Smith ichthyology
1938,1943	Autism Concern for others Disorder or difference Commentary	Hans Asperger, Leo Kanner psychiatry
1939	DDT Silent killer Imbalance Commentary	Paul Hermann Müller chemistry
1939	Francium Atomic number 87 Unlucky 87 Commentary	Paris—Marguerite Perey elements
1939	Rossby wave On a spinning planet Atmospheric waves Distant Commentary	Carl-Gustaf Rossby oceanography
1940	Bat echolocation Escalation Bats do it Commentary	Donald Griffin, Robert Galambos zoology
1940	Astatine Atomic number 85 Island of stability Commentary	Berkeley—Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, Emilio Segrè elements
1940	Neptunium Atomic number 93 Pandora’s stuff Commentary	Berkeley—Edwin McMillan, Philip Abelson elements
1940	Plutonium Atomic number 94 Manhattan Project P.U. Commentary	Berkeley—Glenn T. Seaborg, Arthur Wahl, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edwin McMillan elements
1942	Nuclear fission Nuclear race Nuclear murder Commentary	Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann, Lise Meitner, Otto Robert Frisch, Rudolf Peierls, Enrico Fermi physics
1942- 1946	“Manhattan Project” in wikipedia	Niels Bohr, James Chadwick, Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi, Richard Feynman, Otto Robert Frisch, Willard Libby, John von Neumann
1942	Frequency-hopping Prior art, post art Cross-disciplinary work Commentary	Hedy Lamarr, George Antheil telecommunication
1942	Alfvén wave Random waves Not to be confused Commentary	Hannes Alfvén electromagnetism
1943	Bacterial genes Bacterial statistics More of this about that Commentary	Salvador Luria, Max Delbrück genetics
1943	Neural networks Neural processing Natural intelligence Commentary	Warren Sturgis McCulloch, Walter Pitts computer science
1944	Game theory Gaming is serious Life as a game Commentary	John von Neumann, Oskar Morgenstern game theory
1944-1960	The pill Social engineering Radical Commentary	Russell Earl Marker, George Rosenkranz, Carl Djerassi, Luis E. Miramontes, Frank B. Colton, Margaret Sanger, Katharine McCormick, Gregory Pincus, Min Chueh Chang, John Rock sociology pharmacology
1944	Curium Atomic number 96 No curium Commentary	Berkeley, Chicago—Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Albert Ghiorso elements
1944	Americium Atomic number 95 Stuff in the home Commentary	Berkeley, Chicago—Glenn T. Seaborg, Leon O. Morgan, Ralph A. James, Albert Ghiorso elements
1944	Molecular genetics Nucleic acid polymers If we were to tinker Commentary	Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty genetics
1945	Dancing bees Dialects Language Commentary	Karl von Frisch entomology
1945	Promethium Atomic number 61 No mineral contains promethium Daring and danger Commentary	Oak Ridge—Charles D. Coryell, Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin elements
1945	Structure of penicillin Adding to the core Chemistry itself Commentary	Dorothy Hodgkin pharmacology
1946	Computer Colossus Patterns Commentary	Charles Babbage, Alan Turing, John von Neumann computer science
1946	Photosynthesis ATP Evolutionary economy Melvin Calvin (discovers how photosynthesis works) Commentary	Melvin Calvin botany
1946	Dynamo theory Dynamo heat Dynamo power Commentary	Walter M. Elsasser electromagnetism geophysics
1946	ENIAC Spawn of ENIAC Reliability Programmers Commentary	John Grist Brainerd, John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert computer science
1947	Radiocarbon dating Calibration Dating Ötzi Commentary	Willard Frank Libby physics
1947	Slime-mold bodies Cyclic Almost Smell Commentary	John Tyler Bonner botany
1947	Transistor Ubiquitous Surface states Commentary	William Shockley, Walter Houser Brattain, John Bardeen electromagnetism
1947	Holography Full spectrum Half a hologram Commentary	Dennis Gabor optics
1947	Prosopagnosia Development What is normal? Commentary	Joachim Bodamer anatomy
1948	Quantum electrodynamics Superpositions Virtual Commentary	Hans Bethe, Julian Schwinger, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Freeman Dyson, Richard Feynman quantum mechanics
1948	Information theory Information entropy Success of English Commentary	Claude Shannon telecommunication
1948	Casimir effect One atmosphere “Sewing Vacuum” Commentary	Hendrik Casimir, Dirk Polder quantum mechanics
1948	Feynman diagram Antiparticles seem to go backwards in time Representation Commentary	Richard Feynman quantum mechanics
1948	Cellular automaton Artificial life Controversial animals Commentary	John von Neumann, Stanislaw Ulam computer science
1949	Immune tolerance Intolerance Our own Commentary	Peter Medawar, Frank Macfarlane Burnet immunology
1949	Sickle-cell disease Resistance Suffering Commentary	Linus Pauling molecular biology
1949	Berkelium Atomic number 97 Analogues Commentary	Berkeley—Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso, Stanley Gerald Thompson elements
1950	Oort cloud Vast space Butterfly effect Commentary	Jan Oort cosmology
1950	Californium Atomic number 98 Naming rights Commentary	Berkeley—Stanley Gerald Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg elements
1950	Turing test Nine objections Thinking Commentary	Alan Turing philosophy of science
1951	Jumping genes Regulation Not so simple Commentary	Barbara McClintock genetics
1951	Chemical oscillations Connections Oscillations Commentary	Boris Pavlovich Belousov, Anatoly Zhabotinsky chemistry
1952	Nerve impulses Squid giant axon Reactions Commentary	Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley neuroscience
1952	Nerve growth Growth factors Factors Commentary	Rita Levi-Montalcini, Stanley Cohen neuroscience
1952	Einsteinium Atomic number 99 Et al. Commentary	Berkeley, Argonne, Los Alamos—Albert Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley, Argonne, and Los Alamos elements
1952	Fermium Atomic number 100 Secrecy Commentary	Berkeley, Argonne, Los Alamos—Albert Ghiorso and co-workers at Berkeley, Argonne, and Los Alamos elements
1952	Turing pattern Reaction-diffusion systems Tractable patterns Living patterns Commentary	Alan Turing theoretical biology
1952-1991	Fullerene Modifications What can you make with nanotubes? Commentary	L. V. Radushkevich, V. M. Lukyanovich, Morinobu Endo, Sumio Iijima, Harold Kroto, James R. Heath, Robert Curl, Richard Smalley chemistry
1953	CorningWare Class of glass Space-age Commentary	S. Donald Stookey materials science
1953	Abiogenesis Biogenesis, etcetera Turtles Commentary	Stanley Miller, Harold Urey evolution
1953	Rapid-eye-movement sleep Stages of sleep REM, EEG, EOG, EMG, etc. Ovaltine Commentary	Nathaniel Kleitman, Eugene Aserinsky, William C. Dement behavioral science
1953	DNA structure DNA machinery DNA FAQ Commentary	Francis Crick, James Watson genetics
1955	Polio vaccine Dead or alive Polio limp Commentary	John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins, Jonas Salk, Albert Sabin immunology
1955	Mendelevium Atomic number 101 Plenty Commentary	Berkeley—Albert Ghiorso, Bernard G. Harvey, Gregory R. Choppin, Stanley Gerald Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg elements
1956	Parity violation This might be why Camera violation Commentary	Tsung-Dao Lee, Chen-Ning Yang physics
1956	Visual phototransduction Trichromatic vision Illusion of color Commentary	George Wald neuroscience
1956	Neutrino Oscillating mass Elusive goal Theory of light Commentary	Wolfgang Pauli, Frederick Reines, Clyde Cowan particle physics
1956	Cooper pair Phonon interaction Inextinguishable Commentary	Leon Cooper physics
1957	BCS theory Ansatz Becoming common Commentary	John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer physics
1958	Nobelium Atomic number 102 Heavy stuff Commentary	Dubna, Berkeley—Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, John R. Walton, Glenn T. Seaborg, E. D. Donets, V. A. Shchegolev, V. A. Ermakov elements
1958	Mössbauer effect Mössbauer spectroscopy Non-invasive diagnosis Commentary	Rudolf Mössbauer physics
1958-1959	Protein crystallography The structure of myoglobin The structure of hemoglobin Red-blooded Commentary	John Kendrew, Max Perutz chemistry
1959	Pheromone Bombykol Hard to say Commentary	Adolf Butenandt biology
1959	Paranthropus boisei Hominini A.K.A. Commentary	Mary Leakey, Louis Leakey primatology
1960-1975	Chimpanzees and humans Love for others 99% human Commentary	Jane Goodall primatology
1960	Muonium Other muoniums Short lives Commentary	Vernon W. Hughes particle physics
1961-1971	Lawrencium Atomic number 103 Tertiary effects Commentary	Berkeley, Dubna—Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, Almon Larsh, Robert M. Latimer, Georgy Flerov, I. Zvara, G. M. Ter-Akopian, V. A. Shchegolev, V. L. Mikheev elements
1961	Flexoelectricity Crystal terms Stored energy Commentary	Kirill Tolpygo electromagnetism
1961	Keeling curve Global warming Peril Commentary	Charles David Keeling atmospheric sciences
1961	Hayflick limit Replication in a dish Senescence Commentary	Leonard Hayflick cell biology
1962	Petri net Automata The same Commentary	Carl Adam Petri computer science
1962-1964	Quasar Unacceptable explanations Quasi-stellar object Commentary	John Bolton, Maarten Schmidt, Edwin Salpeter, Yakov Zeldovich astrophysics
1963	Mpemba effect Dad said Monomers, dimers, and hexamers Commentary	Erasto Batholomeo Mpemba, Denis G. Osborne thermodynamics
1964	Quark Quark matter Three quarks for Muster Mark! Commentary	Murray Gell-Mann, George Zweig particle physics
1964	CP violation Mirror images T violation Commentary	James Cronin, Val Fitch physics
1964	Altruism Hamilton’s rule Every creature Commentary	W. D. Hamilton sociobiology
1964	Kevlar Aramids Sky-hooks Commentary	Stephanie Kwolek materials science
1964	Rectenna Rectenna uses Resonance Commentary	William C. Brown electromagnetism
1967	Pulsar Lighthouses Pulsating quasar Portmanteaus Commentary	Jocelyn Bell Burnell astrophysics
1967-2016	LIGO Infinite sea of spacetime Gravity dilates time Commentary	Richard A. Isaacson, Rainer Weiss, Kip Thorne, Barry C. Barish astrophysics
1969	Rutherfordium Atomic number 104 Shining Commentary	Berkeley—Albert Ghiorso, Matti Nurmia, James Andrew Harris, Kari Eskola, Pirkko Eskola elements
1970	Dubnium Atomic number 105 Pattern Commentary	Dubna, Berkeley—Georgy Flyorov, V. A. Druin, A. G. Demin, Yu. V. Lobanov, Nikolai Konstantinovich Skobelev, G. N. Akap’ev, B. V. Fefilov, I. V. Kolesov, K. A. Gavrilov, Yu. P. Kharitonov, L. P. Chelnokov, Albert Ghiorso, Matti Nurmia, James Andrew Harris, Kari Eskola, Pirkko Eskola elements
1970	Conway’s Game of Life Variations of life Inherently interesting Commentary	John Horton Conway computer science
1970	Reverse transcriptase Retroviral replication Aliens Commentary	Howard Temin, David Baltimore genetics
1971	Plasma cosmology Plasma scaling Vast Commentary	Hannes Alfvén, Oskar Klein cosmology
1971	Memristor Non-linear symmetry Ideal memristor Commentary	Leon Chua electromagnetism
1971-1977	Tau Time dilation / length contraction Bremsstrahlung Symbols Commentary	Yung-su Tsai, Martin Lewis Perl particle physics
1971-1977	Telomere Fuses Terminal transferase Commentary	Alexey Olovnikov, Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Joseph G. Gall, Jack W. Szostak genetics
1974	Seaborgium Atomic number 106 Unnilhexium Commentary	Berkeley—Albert Ghiorso, Joachim Michael Nitschke, José R. Alonso, Carol T. Alonso, Matti Nurmia, Glenn T. Seaborg, E. Kenneth Hulet, Ronald W. Lougheed elements
1974	Hawking radiation Counter intuitive Small black holes Commentary	Stephen Hawking thermodynamics
1975	Sociobiology Nature versus nurture Ants Commentary	E. O. Wilson sociobiology
1975	Fractal Sierpinski carpet Koch snowflake Mandelbrot set Natural fractals Commentary	Benoit Mandelbrot mathematics
1976-1991	Public-key cryptography Pretty Good Privacy Identity Commentary	Whitfield Diffie, Martin Hellman, Ralph Merkle, Phil Zimmermann cryptography
1978	Global Positioning System Uses Auto Commentary	Roger L. Easton, Ivan A. Getting, Bradford Parkinson geodesy
1981	Bohrium Atomic number 107 Reef of stability Commentary	Darmstadt—Gottfried Münzenberg, Peter Armbruster, Sigurd Hofmann, Fritz Peter Heßberger, Willibrord Reisdorf, Karl-Heinz Schmidt, J. R. H. Schneider, W. F. W. Schneider, Christoph-Clemens Sahm, B. Thuma elements
1982	Meitnerium Atomic number 109 Hypothetical metal Commentary	Darmstadt—Gottfried Münzenberg, Peter Armbruster, Sigurd Hofmann, Fritz Peter Heßberger, Klaus Poppensieker, Willibrord Reisdorf, Karl-Heinz Schmidt, K. Schneider, Christoph-Clemens Sahm, Detlef Vermeulen elements
1984	Hassium Atomic number 108 The parable of the amateur prospector Commentary	Darmstadt—Gottfried Münzenberg, Peter Armbruster, H. Folger, Sigurd Hofmann, Fritz Peter Heßberger, J. Keller, Klaus Poppensieker, Willibrord Reisdorf, Karl-Heinz Schmidt, H.-J. Schött, Matti Leino, R. Hingmann elements
1986	Artificial life Artificial mashups The word Commentary	Christopher Langton computer science
1992	Magnetar Soft gamma repeater Altering the quantum vacuum Commentary	Robert Duncan, Christopher Thompson, Chryssa Kouveliotou astrophysics
1994	Darmstadtium Atomic number 110 No standard weight Commentary	Darmstadt—Sigurd Hofmann, Gottfried Münzenberg, Peter Armbruster, H. Folger, Fritz Peter Heßberger, H. J. Schött, Victor Ninov elements
1994	Roentgenium Atomic number 111 In the future Commentary	Darmstadt—Sigurd Hofmann, Victor Ninov, Fritz Peter Heßberger, Peter Armbruster, H. Folger, Gottfried Münzenberg, H. J. Schött elements
1996	Copernicium Atomic number 112 Impractical uses Commentary	Darmstadt—Sigurd Hofmann, Victor Ninov, Fritz Peter Heßberger, Peter Armbruster, H. Folger, Gottfried Münzenberg, H. J. Schött elements
1999-2007	Flerovium Atomic number 114 Unconfirmed stuff Commentary	Dubna— Yuri Oganessian, Alexander Vladimirovich Yeremin, Andre Georgievich Popeko, Sergey L. Bogomolov, German Vladimirovich Buklanov, M. L. Chelnokov, Victor Ivanovich Chepigin, Boris N. Gikal, Vladimir A. Gorshkov, Georgy G. Gulbekian, Michael Grigorievich Itkis, Anatoly Petrovich Kabachenko, Anton Yurievich Lavrentiev, Oleg Nikolaevich Malyshev, Jozef Rohach, Roman Nikolaevich Sagaidak, Sigurd Hofmann, S. Saro, G. Giardina, Kosuke Morita elements
1999	Three-domain system Archaea More like you and me Commentary	Carl Woese, George E. Fox cell biology
2000	Livermorium Atomic number 116 Irritativistic effects Commentary	Dubna—Yuri Oganessian, V. K. Utyonkov, Yu. V. Lobanov, F. Sh. Abdullin, A. N. Polyakov, I. V. Shirokovsky, Yu. S. Tsyganov, G. G. Gulbekian, Sergey L. Bogomolov, B. N. Gikal, A. N. Mezentsev, S. Iliev, V. G. Subbotin, A. M. Sukhov, O. V. Ivanov, G. V. Buklanov, K. Subotic, Michael Grigorievich Itkis, Ken J. Moody, John F. Wild, Nancy J. Stoyer, Mark A. Stoyer, Ronald W. Lougheed, C. A. Laue, Ye. A. Karelin, A. N. Tatarinov elements
2003	Fermionic condensate Holes in the theory States of matter Commentary	Deborah Jin, Rudolf Grimm, Wolfgang Ketterle physics
2004	Moscovium Atomic number 115 Unidentified effects Commentary	Dubna—Yuri Oganessian, V. K. Utyonkoy, Yu. V. Lobanov, F. Sh. Abdullin, A. N. Polyakov, I. V. Shirokovsky, Yu. S. Tsyganov, G. G. Gulbekian, Sergey L. Bogomolov, A. N. Mezentsev, S. Iliev, V. G. Subbotin, A. M. Sukhov, A. A. Voinov, G. V. Buklanov, K. Subotic, V. I. Zagrebaev, Michael Grigorievich Itkis, Joshua B. Patin, Ken J. Moody, John F. Wild, Mark A. Stoyer, Nancy J. Stoyer, Dawn A. Shaughnessy, Jacqueline M. Kenneally, Ronald W. Lougheed elements
2006	Oganesson Atomic number 118 An end Commentary	Dubna—Yuri Oganessian, V. K. Utyonkov, Yu. V. Lobanov, F. Sh. Abdullin, A. N. Polyakov, I. V. Shirokovsky, Yu. S. Tsyganov, A. N. Mezentsev, S. Iliev, V. G. Subbotin, A. M. Sukhov, O. V. Ivanov, A. A. Voinov, K. Subotic, V. I. Zagrebaev, Michael Grigorievich Itkis, Ken J. Moody, John F. Wild, Mark A. Stoyer, Nancy J. Stoyer, C. A. Laue, Dawn A. Shaughnessy, Joshua B. Patin, Ronald W. Lougheed elements
2009	Tennessine Atomic number 117 Further work Commentary	Dubna—Yuri Oganessian, F. Sh. Abdullin, P. D. Bailey, D. E. Benker, M. E. Bennett, S. N. Dmitriev, J. G. Ezold, Joseph H. Hamilton, R. A. Henderson, Michael Grigorievich Itkis, Yu. V. Lobanov, A. N. Mezentsev, Ken J. Moody, S. L. Nelson, A. N. Polyakov, C. E. Porter, A. V. Ramayya, F. D. Riley, James B. Roberto, M. A. Ryabinin, K. P. Rykaczewski, R. N. Sagaidak, Dawn A. Shaughnessy, I. V. Shirokovsky, Mark A. Stoyer, V. G. Subbotin, R. Sudowe, A. M. Sukhov, Yu. S. Tsyganov, V. K. Utyonkov, A. A. Voinov, G. K. Vostokin, P. A. Wilk elements
2012	Nihonium Atomic number 113 Radioactivity of the rising sun Commentary	Wako—Kosuke Morita, Kouji Morimoto, Daiya Kaji, Takahiro Akiyama, Shin-ichi Goto, Hiromitsu Haba, Eiji Ideguchi, Kenji Katori, Hiriyuki Koura, Hidetoshi Kikunaga, Hisaaki Kudo, Testuya Ohnishi, Akira Ozawa, Nozomi Sato, Toshimi Suda, Keisuke Sueki, Fuyuki Tokanai, Takayuki Yamaguchi, Akira Yoneda, Atsushi Yoshida elements
2013	Blitzar Another theory The power of a name Commentary	Heino Falcke, Luciano Rezzolla astrophysics
2017	Time crystal Inherent motion A word about rhyming Commentary	Frank Wilczek, Krzysztof Sacha, Norman Yao, Christopher Monroe, Mikhail Lukin physics
2018	Shɑrpεn The longest sentence ever written in Shɑrpεn so far About Shɑrpεn Orthography Phonology Vowels Consonants Names of the letters Stress Vocabulary Rules for forming words Loan words Numbers and things based on them Time Cardinal directions Kinship Animals Colors Grammar Verbs Adjectives Articles Plurals Possessives Pronouns Correlatives Prepositions Conjunctions Word-order Translation Commentary	Tom Sharp linguistics
Bonus pages	Books about science Feeds for science Songs about science

Contents

The book of science

Chronological index of poems and commentaries